Arch 250 1st EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 20 - 25ENGLAND: BAROQUE, NEO-PALLADIAN, AND ROMANTIC ARCHITECTURE1. 18th century resurgence of interest in the work of Andrea Palladio; Colen Campbell, Richard Boyle, William Kent have political support for the Whigs and the House of Hanover; they also had strong interest in Vitruvius and Inigo Jones2. Tour that aristocratic young men took of European art and architecture; Lord Burlington returned to Italy in 1719 after his own Grand Tour to specifically studio Palladio’s works when he met William Kent; artwork was often privately collected in homes rather than museums and some rooms were built and furnished specifically for showcasing Renaissance art.Saint Paul’s CathedralPLACE London, EnglandDATE 1675 - 1709ARCH. Christopher Wren1. Destroyed in the Great Fire2. Most famous English Baroque architect; though none were used, Wren submitted many plans for rebuilding London after the Great Fire; professor of Astronomy at Oxford University; rebuilt manychurches including Saint Paul’s after the fire3. The Great Model design was too closely associated with Roman Catholicism and was changed to aLatin cross plan.4. Bramante’s 1506 design for St. Peter’s; major dome, continuous ambulatoryChiswick HousePLACE London, EnglandDATE 1725 - 1729ARCH. Lord Burlington (Richard Boyle), William Kent1. Villa Rotonda; dominant twin stirs, thermal windows around an octagonal drum, “Pantheon-like” dome2. Classical pediment, dome, aedicule, Corinthian capitals, rustication on ground levelHolkham HallPLACE Norfolk, EnglandDATE 1734ARCH. William Kent1. Tripartite design, rustication, temple façade, Palladian windows2. Greater interest in ancient residential design; interior circulation was based on Roman baths with room to tour artwork 3. Still the family home of the Earls of Leicester but open to the public for toursStrawberry HillPLACE Twickenham, EnglandDATE 1748ARCH. Horace Walpole1. Eclecticism or Georgian Gothick Revival; unconventional and unorganized plan makes it look like a picturesque Medieval castle2. Westminster Abbey and Henry VII Chapel, old St. Paul’s CathedralNEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE: FRANCE, THE U.S., AND GERMANY1. Appreciation for rationalism and discovery, simple geometry2. French-born, fought in Revolutionary War; grid-like foundation for roads between cities with thicker diagonal avenues (ref. to Versailles), thick, orthogonal approaches such as the Mall to monuments and political buildingsSaline Royale de Chaux (Royal Saltworks)PLACE FranceDATE 1775 - 1779ARCH. Claude-Nicholas Ledoux1. Director’s House at center, salt-making buildings on either side, communal buildings, houses, and gardens in outer oval; the director’s house at the center has a single round window on the pediment symbolizing a watchful eye over the community; rustication and exaggeration of classical features2. interior of the gatehouse looks like a cave3. Built to meet the production needs of the state while still maintaining a healthy communityUniversity of Virginia campusPLACE Charlottesville, VirginiaDATE 1817 - 1826ARCH. Thomas Jefferson1. Dorms and academic buildings2. The Pantheon (for the library)United States Capitol BuildingPLACE Washington, D.C.DATE 1793 - 1866ARCH. William Thornton, Benjamin Latrobe and others1. Greece was the birthplace of democracy2. William Thornton3. Born in England, immigrated to U. S. and considered America’s first professional architect; completed north and south wings, tobacco-leaf and corncob capitalsAltes MuseumPLACE Berlin, PrussiaDATE 1823 - 1828ARCH. Karl Friedrich Schinkel1. Schinkel believed architecture should foster civic consciousness and used “polis-driven” Greek architecture to accomplish this2. Prussian King Friedrich Wilhelm III3. First public art museum in Europe4. Plan is a central rotunda flanked by two courts and surrounded by flexible gallery spaces; façade with giant ionic colonnade provides civic dignityDEVELOPMENTS OF THE 19TH CENTURY/ ECOLE DES BEAUX ARTS1. Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures: practical applications from scientific discoveries: Eifel, Michelin, Peugeot; Ecole des Beaux-Arts: combination of painting, architecture, and sculpture (Hunt, Richardson, McKim, White)2. Rustication (especially on first story), hierarchy of spaces, arched windows pedimented doors, classical details, eclecticism, symmetry, statuary, some polychromy3. World Fairs consolidated and brought scientific, artistic, and architectural accomplishments as well as other cultures to the common person.4. Suspension bridge using steel, masonry towers, wire cables, and iron eyebar chainsGreat Exhibition Hall (“Crystal Palace”)PLACE London, EnglandDATE 1851ARCH. Joseph Paxton1. No formal education, Duke of Devonshire became his patron; said he could build the Exhibition Hall quickly and cheaply2. Modular design: mass-produced glass set into cast and wrought iron modules, furrow and ridge structural system, could be dismantled3. Dismantled and moved, destroyed in 1936Bibliotheque Ste. GenevievePLACE Paris, FranceDATE 1842 – 50ARCH. Henri Labrouste1. Ecole des Beaux-Arts2. Renaissance palazzos3. In the central reading room, a series of domes, each with an oculus, rest on iron columns are based on traditional masonry formsL’OperaPLACE Paris, FranceDATE 1861 – 1875ARCH. Jean-Louis-Charles Garnier1. Apprentice of Louis-Hippolyte Lebas, student at Ecole royale des Beaux-Arts de Paris2. Projecting and receding elements, allegorical sculpture, central dome, colossal paired columns, rounded pediments, emphasized corners, compartmentalizationEiffel TowerPLACE Paris, FranceDATE 1889ARCH. Gustave Eiffel1. Attended the Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manaufactures of France2. Built as demonstration of new technology for the Paris International Exposition of 18893. 40 draftsmen and 150 craftsmen put together prefabricated 150000 iron pieces over 26 monthsGOTHIC REVIVAL1. A Catholic convert, Pugin saw Gothic architecture as representative of proper moral and religious values; disliked the industrial transformation of cities and the vaguely classical style of Protestantchurches2. Ruskin promoted the Arts and Crafts Movement, which encouraged handiwork and craftsmanship over manufactured items and industrializationHouses of ParliamentPLACE London, EnglandDATE 1836 – 1868ARCH. Sir Charles Barry, A.W.N. Pugin1. Mostly burned in fire of 1834; new building is Gothick