Arch 250 1st Edition Lecture 22 Outline of Lecture 21I. Cenotaph for Sir Isaac NewtonII. Saline Royale de Chaux (Royal saltworks)a. Gatehouseb. Director’s HouseIII. Pitti PalaceIV. Monticelloa. JeffersonV. Virginia State CapitolVI. University of Virginia Campusa. Pavilion XVII. Washington, D.C.VIII. United States Capitol Buildinga. Old Senate ChamberIX. Benjamin Henry LatrobeX. 19th Century Neoclassical Architecture in PrussiaXI. Neue WacheOutline of Lecture 22I. AltemuseumII. Technological Advancements of the 19th centuryIII. Joseph PaxtonIV. Crystal PalaceV. Brooklyn BridgeVI. Gothic Revival in FranceVII. Developments and Divergent Approaches in 19th c. Architecturea. Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufacturesb. Gustave EiffelVIII. Ecole des Beaux Arts IX. Bibliotheque Ste. GenevieveX. L’OperaXI. Statue of LibertyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Altemuseum (Old Museum) // Berlin, Germany // 1823 – 28 // Karl Friedrich SchinkelPart of “Museum Island”Represents first public art museum in EuropeGrand entrance with ionic columns and wide staircase becomes a templateFriedrich William III is prince at the time; given credit in Latin inscription on the friezeRoman inspiration:Roman houses: stone painted to look like marbleRotunda in center of plan brings in light and facilitates movement to other parts of plan – looks like Pantheon (oculus, coffers, two levels, displaying sculpture)Technological Developments of the 19th centuryNew methods of designing and testing structureNo longer reliant on trial and error; able to test materials like ironEx: Eiffel tower, suspension bridgesWorld Fairs in London, Paris, ChicagoJoseph PaxtonDuke of Devonshire’s estate at Chatsworth known for gardensNo formal education, just a gardener; acquires a patron (Devonshire)Botanists very valuable during Queen Victoria’s reignPaxton originally design wooden greenhouses with glass in betweenWood doesn’t rustEventually replaced by iron, glass panesCrystal Palace // London // 1851 // Joseph PaxtonCompetition for temporary structure during Great ExhibitionSelling points: on time, on budgetModular design of mass-produced iron and glass built in 8 months18 acresBuilt by Sir Charles Fox and George Henderson (contractors)Tall and brightly illuminated; like a 19th c. cathedralGlass set into cast and wrought iron modulesStructural system: furrow and ridgeObjects lifted using man- and horsepowerDismantled and reassembled elsewhere until destroyed in 1936Brooklyn Bridge // NYC // 1869 – 1883 // J.A. and W.A. RoeblingDepth and current of East river posed construction problemsSuspension bridge connecting Manhattan and BrooklynIntroduction of steel, a low carbon ironTowers are masonry with pointed archesWire cable and iron eye bar chains to attach suspension cable to anchorageGothic Revival in FranceEugene Viollet-Le-Duc (1814 – 1879)Old principles and new techTasked with restoration of many Medieval French monumentsRestoration of Notre Dame in Paris“Entretiens sur l’Architecture (Discourses on Architecture): rationality in designCombined ribbed vaulting with iron in hypothetical workIncreasing globalizationDevelopments and Divergent Approaches in 19th c. ArchitectureFine arts vs. industrial artsEcole Centrale des Arts et Manufactures // ParisFounded 1829 Practical applications from scientific discoveries (Industrial Science)Bleriot (1895), Eifel, Michelin, Peugeot (1895)Gustave Eiffel // 1832 – 1923:French engineerCommissioned to build bridges or viaducts across great spansCreates company involved of production and manufacturing of iron piecesPonte Dona Maria railway bridge over Douro River in PortugalLarges non –suspension bridge in the worldFive piers with central parabolic archBon Marche department store, Rue du Bac, ParisBuilt with iron frameDesigned in Beaux-arts style, Eifel asked to build interiorMultiple storiesEcole des Beaux Arts // Paris // 1819Combination of painting architecture and sculptureVisitors easily find their way aroundHierarchical arrangements of rooms according to functionAxis and cross-axis apparent from many anglesExterior decorated in Classical and Renaissance stylesBibliotheque Ste. Genevieve // Paris // Henri Labrouste // 1842 – 50Exterior draws from Renaissance palazzoGreat French artists’ names written on outside of buildingFoyer provides transition to reading roomInterior is giant double barrel vault using plaster and iron columns, wire vaults, and archesColumns are very tall and slender compared to masonryCentral reading groom has nine domes on 16 iron columns, each with an oculusL’Opera // Paris // 1861 – 75 // Jean-Louis-Charles GarnierCenterpiece of arts in the cityGarnier traveled to Italy and GreeceBuilt during political turmoil and war with PrussiaProjecting and receding elementsAllegorical sculptureCentral domeColossal paired columnsRounded pediments; emphasized cornersCompartmentalization: central space, access, support sublevels, backstage, stageSecond Empire decorationStatue of Liberty // NYC // 1881 // Frederic-Auguste BartholdiEifel designs interior scaffoldingStatue is literally hung on interior