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TAMU ARCH 250 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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Arch 250 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7Lecture 1 (Jan 20) Introduction to Gothic ArchitectureAn earthly representation of the heavenly cityA physical representation of divine reason and the order of the universeA luminal zone (meeting point) between Heaven and Earth, the sacred and the profaneBeauty, divine reason, transcendence, power to illuminate spirituallyLecture 2 (Jan 22) Early Gothic Architecture of FranceInterior hierarchy: arcade  gallery  triforum  clerestoryNarthex  nave flanked by aisles  transept and crossing square  choir  apse and ambulatoryReliefs like “Last Judgment” remind an illiterate population of Hell.Structural elements like the pointed arch, rib vaults, and flying buttresses directed the pressure of the stone downward instead of outward, allowing buildings to be built taller and eliminating the need for the thick, sturdy walls of the Romanesque period. This let entire walls be opened up into primarily glass with plate or bar tracery, unifying the space.Abbey Church of St. DenisHe was martyred for his faith in Paris at Montmarte in the 3rd c. After being decapitated, he is said to have carried his own head six miles north to a Christian community and was buried there. This is why the church is not in Paris where St. Denis was executed. The church is a French royal monastery and a burial place for royalty.Suger’s principle Lux Nova (literally New Light) sought to let as much light into holy spaces as possible, as he believed light was an embodiment of God. Suger’s design of thechurch was inspired by descriptions of Solomon’s temple, the writings of St. Denis and the Hagia Sophia.Abbot Suger built on the West front and the Choir to the Carolingian church in the 12th century. He is depicted in the Tree of Jesse window as presenting the window itself to Christ.Notre Dame at LaonLaon’s façade has a greater feeling of depth and openness than was seen at St. Denis. Deep hoods protect the entrance portals, and the upper stages of the twin towers change to octagonal plans.sexpartite rib vaults, lantern crossing tower, galleries, semicircular apse, and western towers, long nave all retained from Romanesque form; pointed arches and vaults, clustered wall shafts, emphasis on verticality are the critical Gothic elementsArcade  gallery  triforium  clerestoryGallery creates second story walking space along nave and lets in more light; triforium is still decorative at this point, clerestory expanded to let in lightTwo towers with openwork turrets hold bells and are decorated with sculptures of oxen and cattle, a tribute to the beasts of burden that hauled the stone to site.Lecture 3 (Jan 27) High Gothic/Rayonnant Architecture of France “radiant”allowing more light into interior spaces; associated with the royal court of Louis IXuse of bar tracery in windows, linkage, glazed triforiumNotre Dame at ChartresDedicated to Virgin Mary. Tunic of the Virgin Mary (Sancta Comisia) survived 1194 fire.Thick walls are replaced by flying buttresses which support specifically the point at whichthe vaults are the most structurally vulnerable. Strategic buttressing means thinner walls.Inside: arcade —> triforum —> clerestoryOutside: aisles —> buttress —> flyer (crypt beneath)Pilgrims visited the cathedral for relics, particularly the Tunic. They would sleep on hay on the floor. Attached to the outside of the church were cisterns to collect rainwater which could be funneled into the nave to wash down the floor.St. Etienne Cathedral at BourgesBourges uses two aisles of increasing height to help support the walls and vaults of the building. The design ultimately is more stable and more cost effective due to the moreeven distribution of weight and thinning of walls (stone is costly). It was likely not copied because Gothic architecture was more about principle than efficiency and patrons favored the height and brightness of designs like Chartres. Bourges’ design can be used in Italy and Spain where the sky isn’t usually as cloudy.Notre Dame at LaonAbbey Church of St. DenisUpper part of choir and transepts taken down and rebuilt by the Saint-Denis Master, Compound piers consisting of a cluster of vertical shafts start at the floor and extend upward to the rib vaults, Bar tracery and buttresses added, Wall behind triforum opened (glazed triforum), Windows were added behind the triforium for more light and second storey was added to the choir to complete the illumination of the nave.Lecture 4 (Jan 29) Gothic/Rayonnant Architecture of France cont.Notre Dame at ParisSimilarities: transept, three portals, towers on Western frontDifferences: Paris has ambulatory, chapels extending all around churchConstruction of western façade, larger clerestory windows added to interiorSainte – ChapelleLouis IX collected relics. Sainte-Chapelle serves as a house for these relics and as the palace chapel. Its lavishness containment of Christian relics also reaffirms the king’s power.Crown of Thorns, Piece of the True CrossThe chapel is small enough that its plan is rectangular and uses regular buttressing with iron tie-rods. The bottom level for servants to attend mass is also much more enclosed and sturdy beneath the main level.Amiens CathedralVisible cracks in the brickwork next to the central bayAfter scanning the interior of the cathedral and converting it to a highly precise 3-d model, they can measure the distance between columns at different intervals. They showto be wobblingIt was placed too high so it wasn’t supporting the stress linesIron tie-rodsLecture 5 (Feb 3) Gothic Architecture in England (Early and Decorated)Canterbury CathedralBesides adding Gothic buttressing and vaulting, the Trinity Chapel and Corona chapel to St. Thomas a Becket are added after the choir. William of Sens was the original architect after the old church was destroyed. Tow witness miracles at the shrines; Aisle and ambulatory link the site of Thomas’s martyrdom with this shrine in the trinity chapelAlternating paired cylindrical patterns vaults spring from the same level of the gallery arcades; gallery has two sets of paired arches; clerestory has a wall passage, decorative dark stone, emphasis on horizontal rather than vertical lines.Salisbury CathedralAttached are a cloister (an arcade opening onto a green space with dormitories) and a chapter house (where meeting are held for the monastery of church)Horizontal string courses along the


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TAMU ARCH 250 - Exam 1 Study Guide

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