Arch 250 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Lecture 7 I. Houses in the Middle Agesa. Medieval Manor Houseb. TownhousesII. Castles in Medieval EuropeIII. Medieval CitiesOutline of Lecture 8 I. Early Christian Church PlansII. Hagia SophiaIII. Piazza S. MarcoIV. St. Sophia, Cathedral of KievV. Church of the Raising of Lazarusa. Properties of Woodb. Construction TechniquesVI. Church of the Nativity of the VirginVII. Church of the TransfigurationVIII. St. Basil the BlessedCrossroads of ideas: situated between Western European Christianity (Catholicism) and the Development of IslamEastern or Greek orthodox tradition —> spreads to RussiaConstantine established Constantinople which became capital of Eastern Empire527 — 565 Early Byzantine Period // begins w/ Emperor Justinian I843 — 1204 Middle Byzantine Period //up to fall of Constantinople during Fourth Crusade1281 — 1453 Late Byzantine Period // restoration of Byzantine rule until Ottoman takeoverRussia and Ukraine become centers of Eastern Orthodox Church, Moscow “Third Rome”Early Christian Church PlansBasilica plan church (4th-5th centuries) develops into great cathedrals of W. EuropeCentral plan church develops in Mediterranean and Orthodox churchesHagia Sophia // Constantinople // 532 — 537These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.4th c. first churchrebuilt after fire by Justiniandedicated to holy wisdom (Sophia)serves as church for 1000+ years1453 becomes a mosque (minarets added)Today museumCentrally plannedNarthex on West endCentral nave (naos) with aisles, just not as longGalleries on second floorEast: sanctuary and apseDesigned by Isodorus of Miletsu and Anthemius of TrallesElements of basilica and central plansFour ashlar piers at corners support arches, pendentives, domeTwo half-domes at E and W supported by three archesFour smaller half-domes at cornersPendentive dome: curved on one side, straight on two —> transitionPendentives: triangular wedges between arches and domeArches are round, not pointed, pushing limits of stabilityFirst dome collapses 60 yrs after completionWhy? elevation was too low, one of piers sankBook-matched marble inlaysVerneer to cover brick and masonry structure of buildingCross vaults and clerestory in narthexDoors made of bronzeOttoman chandeliersVery colorfulMuch of Christian imagery was not destroyed but coveredTheotokos — bearer of GodApse mosaicc. 867Virgin seated with Christ: “Seat of Wisdom”Middle ByzantineMihrab off center with apse (to point to Mecca)niche in wall (though not here)points SEMosiac in Southern arm of NarthexVirgin Mary enthroned with the Christ-Child with Constantine and Justinian10th century, reign of Basil IIConstantine offers original churchJustinian offers Hagia SophiaPiazza S. Marco // Venice, Italy // 1063 — 1089Position on Adriatic makes Venice a crossroadsRuled by Doge, next to doge’s palaceCity was a wealthy trading center due to maritime connections11th c. new church built to house relics of Saint Mark the Apostle15th c. tall wooden domes added, ties to the Eastexterior portal hoodsGreek Cross plan w/ four separate domesSupported on pendentivesBarrel vaults alongside the domes counteract the lateral thrustOriginal hemispherical domes later covered by wooden shells in 15th centurySmaller domes on outside help support main in centerHeavily influenced by Hagia Sophia (?)Interior richly decorated with mosaics and marble veneerSt. Sophia, Cathedral of Kiev // Ukraine // 1037 — 1046Kiev: Capital of Kieven Rus, route from Scandinavia to ConstantinopleBuilt by Grand Prince Yaroslavl (the Wise)Combines Byzantine traditions from Constantinople with Russian wooden architectureChurch originally had typical Byzantine multiple-domed cross designBldg. expanded w/ double side aisles, leading to five apsesHas been modified extensivelyChurch still plays a central role in communityOriginally had typical Byzantine multiple-domed cross design, building expanded with double side aisles, leading to five apsesLarge central domeDome: PantokratorDrum: apostles between windowsPendentives: four evangelistsApse half dome: Virgin Mary raising hands in praise form, orantApse wall: Christ celebrating mass, distributing communion to the apostlesNote iconostasis in front of apse, separating congregation from holy iconographyByzantine influence: material, themes like Christ in the dome, dome over center, square plan11th — 13th c. 13 domes representing Christ and 12 apostles addedMay have been inspired by Russian churches14th c. Kizhi established as military, admin, religious center16th c. Church of Transfiguration and Church of the Veil of the Mother of God were built in theChurch of the Raising of Lazarus // Originally part of Muromsky Monastery, now at Kizhi // ca.1391Properties of wood:Larch resists rot, used for the lowest part of buidingPine usual material for upper sectionsBirch bark flashingAspen shinglesConstruction Techniques:Wall logs cut to match rounded profile of the log belowMoss and hemp used for insulationTimbers joined with mortise and tenonPointed eaves to evacuate waterTools = ax and adze (no saws)Steeply pitched roof with ridge beam on top to shed snowVestibule —> nave —> chancelAll getting smallerOlder sections: built in horizontal log workNewer vestibule: wooden planks inserted upright wooden membersDistinguishing feature of church promotes visibility in landscapeChurch of the Nativity of the Virgin // Peredki, now at Novgorod // 1593Greek cross plan w. flanking domesOctagonal tower with tent roof (shatyor)Gallery on three sides supported by projecting logs (pomochi)Church of the Transfiguration // Kizhi // rebuilt 1714Peter the Great, honor victories over SwedesOriginally garrison against Swedish defendersStockade, enclosed cemetery, and second “winter church”Protective Veil of the Mother of God, 1764MonasteryOctagonal with four side chapels,Vestibule wraps around central crossPyramidal composition22 helmet shaped domesBochki (reverse-curve gables = ogival arch)Artifical interior ceiling and roofShingles: “fish scales” or lemekhi or cheshuiMade from wet aspen, curved, and wedged to follow contour of cupolaShed waterSt. Basil the Blessed // Red Square, Moscow // 1555 — 1560AKA Cathedral of Intercession on the MoatBuilt to commemorate Ivan IV’s victor over Mongols at battle of KazanArchitects: Barma and Postnik,