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TAMU ARCH 250 - Islamic Architecture
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Arch 250 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Lecture 8 I. Early Christian Church PlansII. Hagia SophiaIII. Piazza S. MarcoIV. St. Sophia, Cathedral of KievV. Church of the Raising of Lazarusa. Properties of Woodb. Construction TechniquesVI. Church of the Nativity of the VirginVII. Church of the TransfigurationVIII. St. Basil the BlessedOutline of Lecture 9 I. Islama. Five Pillars of Islamb. Mosque DesignII. Bibi Khanum Mosque a. DecorationIII. Isfahan, Irana. Old Congregational or Friday Mosqueb. Masjed-e Jamec. Old Cityd. Madar-I Shah MadrasaBackground Information on IslamProphet Muhammad, last prophetQuran: divine revelationsHijra: Muhammad and followers flee from Mecca to Medina in 622Basis of Islamic calendarMuhammad dies in Medina in 632Use of images in Islamic tradition is either forbidden or not pursued.Five Pillars of Islam:1. Profession of faith in Allah and Muhammad as a prophetThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Five prayers a day, facing Mecca3. Alms to the poor4. Fast during Ramadan5. Pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca661 Islam spreads to Iran, Iraq, Israel, Syria, Egypt8th c. North Africa, Spain, France15th c. Ottoman EmpireMosque Design:Mosque: Muslim place of worship oriented toward MeccaFirst mosque built by Prophet in Medina, ca. 622Place to wash before prayerCovered hall for prayerOrientation towards MeccaCourtyard (with fountain)Minaret: tower for muezzin to call Muslims to prayer five times a dayQuibla: wall that points toward MeccaMihrab: arched niche pointing to Mecca, also has acoustic qualityMinbar: pulpit for preacherHypostyle: not on exam, before observed time periodFour-Iwan: central space with four iwans on exterior (one on each side)Iwan: chamber facing courtyard on the side of a vault, roofed or vaulted with pointed archCentral Plan: more open spaceBibi Khanum Mosque // Samarkand, Uzbekistan // 1399 – 1405Built by Timus in honor of his wife (buried in nearby mausoleum)Early iwan mosqueColumned hallsExternal vaulted Iwan: visual queueRectangular planMinarets flank entrance into courtyardFountain in centerThree iwans face courtyardLargest iwan leads to quibla wallColumned halls on all sidesVisual metaphor for the individual and the divineBricks: zig zags on courtyard wallLocal traditionFired clay or ceramic tiles on domesWriting on drum of dome  widespread literacy  that means literacy was encouraged/requiredDecoration:Marble panelsBrick mosaicTile mosaicGlazed tiles (make roof protected from rain)CalligraphyAbstractedIsfahan, IranSafavid capital in 16th c.Royal MaidenOld Congregational or Friday MosqueMasjid-I jami8th – 16th c.Iwan with muqarnas vaultIndividual v. infiniteArabesques: floral patternsGlazed tilesCalligraphyMeant more to honor god than to be legibleInterior dome (north chamber)Brick squinches form transitionDark interior, light not a priorityMasjed-e JameLots of domes or mounds on roof: reference to traditional constructionOtherwise flat due to low rainfallFour iwans facing inward, fourth Iwan, entrance the most importantOld cityBazaar: covered street with shops on sides, leads to civic facilities like public baths caravanserais, madrasas, mosquesCaravanserai: hotel, secure storageSpecifically for merchants: stay for free for three days, encourage the economyCovered bazaar and caravanserai link old and new parts (Safavid)Safavid areas use orthogonal planPalaces and gardens in the westMasjid - i - Shah Mosque // 1611-1630Madar-i Shah Madrasa (Madrasa of the Shah’s Mother) // 1706-14Madrasa or theology and lawDesigned like four-iwan mosqueTwo story arcade with arches shaped like iwansCentral garden courtyard with canalsFour rivers of


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TAMU ARCH 250 - Islamic Architecture

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