Arch 250 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 8 - 13CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE IN UKRAINE, RUSSIA, AND THE BYZANTINE EMPIRESan Marco (St. Mark)PLACE Venice, ItalyDATE 1063-1089Position on Adriatic makes Venice a crossroadsRuled by Doge, next to doge’s palaceCity was a wealthy trading center due to maritime connectionsGreek Cross plan w/ four separate domesSupported on pendentivesBarrel vaults alongside the domes counteract the lateral thrustOriginal hemispherical domes later covered by wooden shells in 15th centurySmaller domes on outside help support main in centerSt. SophiaPLACE Kiev, UkraineDATE 1037-1046Built by Grand Prince Yaroslavl (the Wise)Combines Byzantine traditions from Constantinople with Russian wooden architectureChurch originally had typical Byzantine multiple-domed cross designBldg. expanded w/ double side aisles, leading to five apsesLarge central dome: PantokratorDrum: apostles between windowsPendentives: four evangelistsApse half dome: Virgin Mary raising hands in praise form, orantApse wall: Christ celebrating mass, distributing communion to the apostlesNote iconostasis in front of apse, separating congregation from holy iconographyByzantine influence: material, themes like Christ in the dome, dome over center, square planChurch of the Raising of LazarusPLACE Kizhi, Russia (Originally part of Muromansky Monastery)DATE ca. 1391Larch: resists rot, used for the lowest part of buidingPine: usual material for upper sectionsBirch bark: flashingAspen: shinglesTimbers joined with mortise and tenonPointed eaves to evacuate waterSteeply pitched roof with ridge beam on top to shed snowVestibule —> nave —> chancelDistinguishing feature of church promotes visibility in landscapeChurch of the TransfigurationPLACE Kizhi, RussiaDATE 1714Peter the Great, honor victories over SwedesMonasteryOctagonal with four side chapels,Vestibule wraps around central crossPyramidal composition22 helmet shaped domesBochki (reverse-curve gables = ogival arch)Artifical interior ceiling and roofShingles: “fish scales” or lemekhi or cheshuiMade from wet aspen, curved, and wedged to follow contour of cupolaShed waterSt. Basil (Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat)PLACE Moscow, RussiaDATE 1555-1560Built to commemorate Ivan IV’s victor over Mongols at battle of KazanArchitects: Barma and Postnikbuilt of stone and brick, imitating wooden structuresISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, SPAIN, AND INDIABibi Khanum MosquePLACE Samarkand, UzbekistanDATE 1399-1405Built by Timus in honor of his wife (buried in nearby mausoleum)Early iwan mosqueColumned hallsExternal vaulted Iwan: visual queueRectangular planMinarets flank entrance into courtyardFountain in centerThree iwans face courtyardLargest iwan leads to quibla wallColumned halls on all sidesVisual metaphor for the individual and the divineBricks: zig zags on courtyard wallLocal traditionFired clay or ceramic tiles on domesMasjid-i jamiPLACE Isfahan, modern IranDATE 8th – 16th centurySafavid capital in 16th c.Iwan with muqarnas vaultInterior dome (north chamber)Brick squinches form transitionDark interior, light not a prioritySehzade MosquePLACE Istanbul, TurkeyDATE 1545-1648Imperial commission: Suleyman for son Prince MehmetArchitect: Sinan (first major design)Complex: Includes a madrasa, hospice, public kitchen, primary school, mausolea (turbes)Largest is the tomb of Prince MehmetVery close to Hagia Sophia, looks very alikeDouble square planCovered courtyardSmall dome over each bay of arcadeMuquarnas vault and polychrome voussoirs on and around main entranceMuquarnas capitals: muquarnas project outward instead of inwardPorphyry: used by Roman emperors, Sultan uses it to relate powerMinarets with multiple balconies, relief decorations, terracotta inlayCentral dome  four large semi-domes  many smallerWindows at bases of domes create a well-lit spaceMosque of Suleyman the MagnificentPLACE Istanbul, TurkeyDATE 1550-1557Double square planSahn: courtyard w/ fountainCentral domed haram: covered prayer hallTomb of SuleymanOctagonal with a dome againCovered walkway aroundHuge cemetery around turbe (for administrators)Tomb of Hurrem HasekiTomb of Sinan (once Sinan’s house)MadrasasHospitalCaravanserai“There is no god except Allah, Muhammad is his messenger” and “Indeed prayer has been decreed for believers at specified times” written above entranceExterior arcades and galleriesWater for ablution at side of mosqueFountain in courtyard is no longer usedMuquarnas capitalsTie-beams along arcadesSquare prayer hallDome on pendentivesVery similar to Hagia Sophia and Sinan’s other designsScreened windowsHammam of Hürrem SultanPLACE Istanbul, TurkeyDATE 1556-1557Built by SinanMen’s and Women’s sides equal in sizeRubble masonryNot decorated much but has domesHammam: public bath houseThe Alhambra PalacePLACE Grenada, SpainDATE 13th-15th centuriesNasrid Dynasty (13th 15th c.)Surrounded by walls, towers, and defensible placesMany open courtyards are gardens with fountainsBuilt on rising terracesAqueducts bring water to siteCourt of the Myrtle TreesComares Tower visibleEmphasis on symmetry in architecture and in water, reflection off poolCapitals similar to Sinan’s Muquarnas capitalsCourt of the LionsDivided by four water channelsLion fountain at center: Inscribed with poetry (by Ibn ZamrakSculptures came from 11th c. palace of Jewish ruler Banu NagrallahOctagonal basinHall of the AbencerrajesDecorated with muquarnasSquare floor planSeries of squinches support star-shaped drumQuwwat al-Islam Mosque, Iron Pillar, and Qutb MinarPLACE Delhi, IndiaDATE 12th-13th centuriesScreenDedicated to Vishnu in SanskritBuilt by QutbuddinArches are actually corbelled ogival archesIron PillarDedicated to Vishnu by Chandragupta IIMoved to this location at unknown dateMade of almost pure ironFramed by screenMosqueColumns made of pieces of 24 Hindu temples that were destroyed by QutbuddinHindu art has many human depictions, doesn’t work with Islam, broken down a bitHypostyle mosqueColonnade courtyardTomb of Salim Chisti, Friday mosque and gatewayPLACE Fatehpur Sikri, IndiaDATE ca. 1568-ca. 1580New capital built by Jalil al-Din Akbar (3rd Mughal Emperor)Palace, mosque, tombs, bazaarOnce nomadic people: built to resemble tent encampmentGrid plan with water channelsCongregational MosqueOne of largest in IndiaParapet on top with domed pavilions chatrisRed sandstone inlaid with white marble and black slateTomb of Salim ChristiSquare with