PSY 113 1st Edition Final Exam Study GuideWeek 1There are 3 types of happiness:-Pleasure: physical happiness from things like eating your favorite food, or sexual pleasure-From Activities: happiness from working or being productive-Meaning: you need meaning in your life for it to be completely fulfilled and for you to thriveGoals of Psychology:- Describe behavior- Explain behavior- Predict behavior- Control or change behaviorWeek 2The Roots of Psychology – Philosophy-Plato (427 – 347 BCE) to Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650)- Pondering the relationship between the mind and body, and between knowledge and experience-Empiricists such as Locke (1632 - 1704)- Viewed the mind as a blank slate-Eventually, philosophical concepts and a physiological understanding of the brain merged-Psychology from the Latin root words “psyche” meaning soul, and “logos” meaning the study ofStructuralism-Structuralists wanted to break down our minds, our consciousness, into different parts by watching people perform tasks-The father of psychology is Wilhelm Wundt (1832 - 1920)-Edward Titchener (1867 - 1923)-Your consciousness can be broken into essential elementsStructuralism – Introspection-Personal observation- Our own thoughts, feelings, and behaviorsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Functionalism-William James (1842 - 1910)Key ideas:-our consciousness-serves an adaptive purpose by helping us survive-purposeful function-James wrote textbook called “Principles of Psychology”-dominant view of todayPsychodynamic Theory – Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939)-Our behavior is deeply influenced by unconscious thoughts, impulses, desires-many unconscious drives are either sexual or destructive in nature-3 Main parts:1. Id: primal instincts (sexual/ aggressive) uncontrolled2. Ego: organize drives into who you are, because who you are3. Super Ego: good vs evil, right from wrong, the policeman in your head, your conscienceBehaviorism-James B. Watson (1878 - 1958)-B. F. Skinner (1904 - 1996)-Key idea: our behavior is learned, observable, and measurable-PAVLOV Dogs experiment-how you behave under rewards/punishment- positive reinforcementHumanistic Psychology-Abraham Maslow (1908 - 1970)-Carl Rogers (1902 - 1987)-Key idea: we have free will to live more creative, meaningful, and satisfying lives-Maslow’s idea: self-actualization-Carl Rogers: psychotherapistGestalt (Gesh-talt) Viewpoint-“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”-Max Wertheimer (1880 - 1941)-Key idea: to understand consciousness-study the whole, not just the component partsCognitive Psychology-Ulric Neiser (1928 - 2012)-Key idea: how our brain processes information, and how it influences how we behaveQuiz Questions and Answers (All we did in the recitation today)1. The word psychology is a combination of two Greek words: psyche, meaning the ____, and logos, meaning the _____.Answer: soul, study of2. The major precept of the British philosophical school of empiricism associated with JohnLocke was that:Answer: the mind is a “blank slate” at birth that gets filled with ideas gained by observing the world.3. Recognized as being the first psychologist was _____. He was a research assistant to Hermann von Helmholtz, and his ideas provided the foundation for what would later be called _____.Answer: Wilhelm Wundt, Structuralism4. Which of the following statements best describes Gestalt theory?Answer: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.5. Who is the American psychologist who proposed the functionalist approach and whose textbook, Principles of Psychology, has dominated the field of psychology influential on most mainstream psychology today?Answer: William James6. Which leading behavioralist proposed the Law of Effect based on his experiments with cats escaping a puzzle box?Answer: Edward Thorndike7. Skinner generalized his laboratory findings to complex human behaviors even though hisresearch subjects were limited to _____.Answer: rats and pigeons8. Who first contributed to the term cognition to the emerging field that eventually became known as cognitive psychology?Answer: Ulric Neisser9. Whose theory about the unconscious mind could be described like a three-layer cake?Answer: Sigmund Freud10. A leading humanistic thinker who introduced a major theory of motivation with a goal ofself-actualization was ____.Answer: Abraham MaslowWeek 3Research Methods in Psychology-how to think scientifically-methods of conducting research-ethical concerns in researchThinking like a scientist-what makes scientific thinking different than everyday observation?- Objectivity rather than subjectivity- Systematic observable, repeatable evidence5 Key Critical Thinking Questions1. What am I being asked to believe or accept?2. What evidence supports this position?3. Are there other ways this evidence could be interpreted?4. What other evidence would I need to evaluate these alternatives?5. What are the most reasonable conclusions?Developing a Research Idea-Hypothesis – an educated hunch- Proposed explanation for a situation- “If A happens, then B will be the result”-Theory- A set of facts and relationships between the facts that can explain and predict related phenomenaThe Scientific Method-observe behavior-formulate research questions-generate hypothesis-collect and analyze data-draw conclusions and create theoriesCase StudiesNonexperimental Descriptive Methods-The case of H. M. – man who had epileptic seizures who had a surgery for it and was studied after the surgery to see how it affected himNaturalistic Observation-Jane Goodall – observed chimpanzees-natural setting-possibility of an observer influence- When people know you’re watching, they act different and could get self-consciousNon-Experimental MethodsSurveys-polling a large populationDesigning a Correlation Study-scatter plot graph-can have positive or negative correlation-correlation coefficient- Shows strength of relationship and direction- From negative 1 to positive 1- Range: perfect negative relationship, moderate negative relationship, no relationship, moderate positive relationship, perfect positive relationshipUnderstanding Causation-the third variable problemEx. The choice of videogame and aggression could be correlated, but being bullied could be the third variable-confounding variable – something that influences correlation, which is why