PSY 113 1st Edition Lecture 19Outline of Last Lecture I. Declarative MemoryII. Improving MemoryIII. ForgettingOutline of Current LectureI. Problem solvingII. AlgorithmsIII. HeuristicsIV. LanguageV. IntelligenceCurrent LectureChapter 10-The Candle Problem.Task: fix a lighted candle on a wall (a cork board) in a way so the candle wax won’t drip onto the table below.Materials Provided:- Candle- Box of thumbtacks- Book of matchesAnswer: use the thumbtacks and tack the box onto the wall, turning it into a shelf, and put the candle in it (overcomes functional fixedness)-Barriers to Problem Solving- Framing (Positive vs. negative)- Functional fixedness- Mental sets (it worked in the past, right?)-Schemas – representations stored in memory- Used to guide behavior- Interpret new situations*remember what a concept is: the way we memorize and store information-Problem-Solving: Algorithms- Step-by-step approach that leads to a solution (utility theory)- Well-structured vs. ill-structured problems1. Understand the problem2. make a planThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. carry out the plan4. look back: problem solved? If not, do it again-A heuristic is a shortcut to problem solving, also known as a “rule of thumb”Problem-solving: heuristics (help or Bias)- Availability- Representative- Recognition- Affect-Availability: Plane Crash vs. Driving accidents – after 9/11 lots of people didn’t want to get on planes because they kept hearing about the planes crashing so they opted for car rides instead even though it’s statistically safer to travel by plane-Representative: we wouldn’t believe that a truck driver man with a bright orange vest was on his way toURI to teach a class because of his appearance-Recognition: you win $250,000 in the lottery, so you invest in the Ferrari company because it’s widely known and has high recognition-Affect: you do something because in your gut, you know it’s the right thing to doLanguage-What is language?-a system for communicating thoughts and feelings-a set of arbitrary signals that vary geographically-a way to connect with others, even across space and time-How did language evolve?-FOXP2 gene (without this gene, we would not be able to speak/understand language like we do today, happened about 100,000 years ago)-tracing the roots of language-endangered languages-The building blocks of language:- Phonemes- Morphemes- Syntax- Semantics- Surface and deep structures-the biology of language- Broca’s area – Broca’s aphasia (affects speech production, but not meaning)- Wernicke’s area – Werneke’s aphasia (doesn’t affect speech production, but you lose meaning)- The ability to speak is located on the left side of our brain-The loss of the ability to speak or understand a language is called aphasia-how do we learn language?- Behaviorist approach (operant)- Nativist approach (inborn)-linguistic relativity – Benjamin Lee Whorf’s hypothesis- The vocabulary a person uses affects how he or she thinks about the topic-Differences in language- Dyslexia (people who have difficulty reading and understanding words, a cognitive problem)- Bilingualism (half the world!, advantages)- American sign language- APHASIAIntelligence*what is intelligence?History of Assessing Intelligence-Alfred Binet (supposed to separate who will do well in school from the others)-Theodore Simon-Mental age vs. Chronological ageModern Forms of Assessing Intelligence-Stanford-Binet-Wechsler Intelligence ScalesWhat makes a good intelligence test-reliability (if you repeat it over and over again, will you get the same results)-validityConceptualizations of intelligence-single factor-collection of abilities-multiple intelligences-triarchic intelligence-emotional intelligence (EQ – how emotionally smart are you)Environmental influence on intelligence-The Flynn effect (increasing IQ)-Positive vs. negative influences-Differences bases on SES (socioeconomic status)-Socioeconomic status: is positively correlated with IQInterpersonal relationships-how to find the perfect partner-someone who thinks like you-understands how you