PSY 113 1st Edition Lecture 20Outline of Last Lecture I. Childhood formOutline of Current LectureI. Biopsychosocial frameworkII. Nature and NurtureIII. DevelopmentIV. Infant MortalityV. Cognitive DevelopmentVI. TemperamentVII. AttatchmentVIII. Moral ReasoningCurrent LectureHow Did You Begin?-Fertilized egg, zygote, embryoThe Biopsychosocial Framework-Human development is a result of interacting forces-Biological, sociocultural, and psychological forces contribute to life-cycle forces (childhood, adolescence,adulthood)Nature and Nurture-genes can be turned on or shut off by events and items in the environment-epigenetic process- Diet- Emotional nurturance- StressImportant issues in development-continuity and discontinuity- Continuity: gradual changes (like in a rainbow where you hardly even know you’re changing like gradient)- Discontinuity: discrete stages (from solid red to solid orange to solid yellow, etc. like stairs)-Universal and ecologicalAtypical Development – Teratogens-Drugs-Alcohol: fetal alcohol syndrome, cognitive deficits, heart damage, developmental delays-Aspirin: deficits in intelligence, attention, and motor skillsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Caffeine: low birth weight, decreased muscle tone-Cocaine and heroin: developmental delays, irritability in newborns,etc.Teratogens: Fetal alcohol sndrome (SAS)-kid has a small head, folds near eyes, low nasal bridge, small eye openings, flat midface, thin upper lip, underdeveloped jawInfant Mortality-We’re ranked the 11th highest for deaths per 1000 live births out of all the other countries in the worldInfancy and ChildhoodMotor Milestones in Infancy and Childhood-lifts head part way up, rolls belly to back, reaches toward objects, sits without support, walks, runs, hops (5 or 6 years old), throws and catchesCognitive development: Piaget and the Discontinuity Approach-Schemas-Assimilation and accommodation-Assimilation (like redecorating a house)-Accommodation (like building an addition onto your house) – new information that you didn’t know beforeCognitive Development: Piaget’s Stages-Sensorimotor stage (birth - 2)- Object permanence (if you jingle keys infront of an infant and then hide them they don’t look forthem; out of sight out of mind)-Preoperational stages (ages 2 - 6)- Egocentrism – they always see the world from their own point of view like when they have temper tantrums and they want the world the way they like it. It’s all about me me me- Conservation – they put a liter of Fanta soda into a taller container and a shorter, wider one and asked kids which one had more. They chose the taller thin one- Animism-concrete operations (ages 6 - 12) – play with blocks and clay-formal operations (12+) – given problems and you can figure them out on your own-Four Stages of developmentCognitive Development: Vygotsky’s Theory-they way we work with each other is the way we develop our cognitive ability-children moved from what they cannot do to what they can do by themselves. The middle zone of what they can do with help is called the zone of proximal development like helping a child solve a puzzle.-over time this is called scaffolding. Over time the adult gives less and less help-According to Vygotsky, scaffolding applies to adults gradually giving less direction to a childTemperament-Three temperament types:- surgency or extroversion- negative affect or mood- effortful control-environmental interactions – environment has a lot to do with how you feel/actAttachment-separation and stranger anxiety-secure and insecure attachment styles- avoidant, anxious-ambivalent, and disorganized-if you’re securely attached to mom, you’re not always clinging onto them. You know your parents are watching out for you-insecure attachment – kids clinging to parents and always want attention and always naggingParenting Styles-Authoritarian – barking orders, got strict military rules, punishment-Authoritative – have rules and expectations but not harsh-Permissive – let you do anything you want, wanna go to a concert they say sure go ahead-Uninvolved – don’t care if you go to a concert or not-More antisocial were parents in order:- uninvolved- permissive- authoritarian- authoritativeAdolescence-definition: the transition from childhood to adulthood-has become longer over time-earlier onset of puberty-extended education and trainingCognition – Adolescent Thinking-abstract thought-idealism of youth-return to egocentrism-imaginary audience – getting stressed about having a pimple-personal fableMoral Reasoning-Kholberg said three stages of moral reasoning- preconventional – 3 year old sees candy and takes it without knowing it’s stealing- conventional – learn certain things are right and wrong and what stealing is- postconventional – you have ethics and standards and don’t just do good things cuz there’s a rule-Erikson’s Psychosocial stages – childhood and adolescence. In adolescence your biggest concern is identity – who am I? later on you’re looking for intimacyDeath and Dying-griefBereavement-reactions to confronting death-5 stages of