PSY 113 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. HungerII. AnorexiaIII. BulimiaIV. Binge eatingV. Sex and genderVI. Interpersonal relationshipsOutline of Current LectureI. LearningII. ConditioningIII. PunishmentIV. ReinforcementCurrent Lecture-Use responseware app instead of getting the clickerLearning About Learning-Learning: relatively permanent change in behavior or the capacity for behavior due to experienceOur Minds Adapt to Our Environment-types of responses-3 types of learning: reflex, instinct, learnedReflex Responses-inevitable, involuntary responses to stimuliEx. Sneeze, knee reflex when doctor hits itInstinct Responses-inborn patterns of behavior-triggered by environment-more complex than reflexes-ex. Instincts for motherhood, yawning3 Types of Learning1. Nonassociative Learning2. Associative Learning3. Observational LearningNonassociative Learning-Habituation (reduces)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Ex. Living near airport and getting used to it through the habituation process, you become accustomed to it-Sensitization (increases) – opposite of habituation, become overly sensitive to somethingEx. Billy got used to thinking that rumbling/shaking is an earthquake, so now when he feels shaking, he jumps under a table anticipating an earthquakeAssociative Learning-When we form connections:-2 kinds of conditioning: Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning-Classical Conditioning-Operant ConditioningClassical Conditioning - Pavlov and his Dogs-Ivan Pavlov – famous Russian researcher, wanted to know how animal behavior was learned-test on conditioning dogs to salivate-the meat in the experiment is the unconditioned stimulus-dog associates the bell with the meat, so eventually ringing the bell gets the dog to salivate. Bell is the conditioned stimulus-Classical conditioning process: conditioning someone to do something that they’d not normally doEx. Salivate when you hear a bell (Pavlov’s dogs)Operant conditioning-B. F. Skinner made this famous-Behaviorism-proposed that the consequences of a behavior are critical for learning-experimental research-used a “Skinner Box” to record actions of his rats and pigeons, also turned his daughter’s crib as a skinner box for her-did research to say that the consequences of certain behaviors can condition pigeons and rats to do certain things (used food pellets and electric shock as consequences)Consequences of Conditioning-Add some element to one’s environment (positive) or remove and element (negative)-this can lead to an increase in the behavior (reinforcement), or a decrease in the behavior (punishment)-reinforcement makes a behavior more frequentEx. Use either positive or negative to get kid to take out trash more often-punishment makes a behavior less frequentEx. Spanking a kid is a positive punishment cuz you add a stimulus to the environmentPositive Punishment-cat’s behavior – scratching the furniture-is punished by adding an unpleasant outcome – a squirt from a watter bottleNegative Punishment-if we use a punisher that is too mild for a particular individual, there is a little incentive for that person to change his or her behaviorEx. Losing your recess-should decrease bad behaviorEx. Losing car privilegesSchedules of Reinforcement-continuous schedule of reinforcementEvery time a behavior occurs-partial schedule of reinforcementRatio or intervalFixed or variable-fixed interval: getting paid every two weeks for you job-fixed ratio interval: the more you sell, the more money you make, In the garment industry, workers are often paid by the piece-variable ratio schedules: checking your cell phone for new email can be a kind of variable ratio schedule-variable interval schedule: fish are caught after waiting for various lengths of time for fish to bite, the interval can