PSY 113 1st Edition Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture I. LearningII. ConditioningIII. PunishmentIV. ReinforcementOutline of Current LectureI. 3 Types of Learninga. Nonassociative learningb. Associative learningc. Observational learningII. Contingency and ContiguityIII. Generalization vs. DiscriminationIV. Expectation and Spontaneous RecoveryV. Observational learningCurrent Lecture-Register Turning technologies-Clicker people use channel 29-Responseware people use session 334647 on a smartphone-responseware session changes every time, but clicker is always channel 293 Types of Learning1. nonassociative learning2. associative learning3. observational learningNonassociative learning-habituation: eventually you get habituated to something/accustomed to something like being able to sleep near an airport because you got used to the noise-sensitization: little kid frightened by earthquake and is now sensitized to vibrations and rumbling and gets scared when trains go byAssociative Learning-when we form connections-2 kinds of conditioning: classical and operant-classical conditioning: pavlov, works on involuntary reflexive behaviors like dogs salivating. Don’t have toteach dogs how to salivate since they already know howThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-operant conditioning: B. F. Skinner: put daughter in an “aircrib” to condition, project pigeon, operant chamber/skinner boxesObservational Learning-classical conditioning- before conditioning, dog sees food and starts to salivate (unconditioned stimulus)- bring metronome infront of dog and nothing happens because it’s a neutral stimulus- when conditioning happens, you present the food and metronome together every time you give him food- after conditioning, the dog is conditioned and associates the metronome with the food, and starts to salivate when he hears it (went from a neutral stimulus to a conditioned stimulus)- response to the metronome is a conditioned responseContingency and Contiguity-for conditioning to happen, you have to present the two things together-need to have contingency so when sound is there, you’re going to eatGeneralization vs. Discrimination-how do you know what sounds to salivate to?-generalize the knowledge you learn from learning to drive in parking lots and use it when driving all other places-Generalization: Professor’s son was stung by a bee and generalized his fear and was now afraid of:- bee stings- bees- wasps- yellow jackets- all flying insects- “Yikes, help!”-Discrimination: opposite of generalization, if you get stung by a bee, then you’re just scared of bees- bee sting- not a wasp- not a yellow jackets- not a fly- not a mosquito- “Whew, I thought it was a bee”-children learn when to discriminate between when parents are telling them to do something in a nice way and when they mean businessExtinction and Spontaneous Recovery-some people only smoke when they go out with other people, then they start craving it whenever they go outSpontaneous recovery: when addictions spontaneously come back when a person is in a situation that they normally would perform that actionEx. Go out with friends and crave a cigarette again-Overcoming fear:- Flooding- Counterconditioning- Systematic desensitization-Flooding; flood yourself with the thing that you’re fearful of doingEx. You’re scared of public speaking, so you make yourself do it a lot-Counterconditioning: pair the thing you’re scared of with something nicerEx. Pair public speaking with nice music and nice food afterwards so it counters your fear of public speaking-Systematic desensitization: therapeutic training over weeks and different sessions. train yourself to relax, take deep breaths, calm yourself, train yourself to get into a deep state of calm and focus on overcoming your fears, and pair that with the object that makes you afraidEx. People who are very scared of snakes are taken as volunteers. Volunteers have deep muscle relaxation by tensing up and breathing in, and then relaxing while breathing out. Close your eyes and imagine a snake that’s very far away. Think about the snake coming a little closer, you’re still safe. Tense and relax again. Snake gets a bit closer. Imagine you have a friendly pet snake at home. Bring snake forward toward the volunteer. They take 3 deep breaths and look at the snake, while remaining calm. They take the lid off. Look at the snake without the lid on. Tell him to take deep breath and touch the back of its head.Shaping – Table Manners-a method of successive approximationsEx. Tying shoeObservational Learning-things you learn through observing that you don’t have to go to school for like cultural things or even violent and dark sides of society-Albert Bandura did a study that proved that children who observed adults punching some punching bags and mimicked them and struck the toys in the same way that they observed-Neuroscience of Imitation – Mirror neurons-mirror neurons help us develop