PSY 113 1st Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture I. Review for QuizII. Took QuizOutline of Current Lecture I. 5 Key Critical Thinking QuestionsII. Developing Research IdeaIII. The Scientific MethodIV. Research Methodsa. Case Studiesb. Naturalistic Observationc. Surveysd. Correlation StudiesV. Designing an Experimental Studya. Assigning Participants to GroupsCurrent LectureResearch Methods in Psychology-how to think scientifically-methods of conducting research-ethical concerns in researchThinking like a scientist-what makes scientific thinking different than everyday observation?- Objectivity rather than subjectivity- Systematic observable, repeatable evidence5 Key Critical Thinking Questions1. What am I being asked to believe or accept?2. What evidence supports this position?3. Are there other ways this evidence could be interpreted?4. What other evidence would I need to evaluate these alternatives?5. What are the most reasonable conclusions?Developing a Research Idea-Hypothesis – an educated hunch- Proposed explanation for a situationThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- “If A happens, then B will be the result”-Theory- A set of facts and relationships between the facts that can explain and predict related phenomenaThe Scientific Method-observe behavior-formulate research questions-generate hypothesis-collect and analyze data-draw conclusions and create theoriesCase StudiesNonexperimental Descriptive Methods-The case of H. M. – man who had epileptic seizures who had a surgery for it and was studied after the surgery to see how it affected himNaturalistic Observation-Jane Goodall – observed chimpanzees-natural setting-possibility of an observer influence- When people know you’re watching, they act different and could get self-consciousNon-Experimental MethodsSurveys-polling a large populationDesigning a Correlation Study-scatter plot graph-can have positive or negative correlation-correlation coefficient- Shows strength of relationship and direction- From negative 1 to positive 1- Range: perfect negative relationship, moderate negative relationship, no relationship, moderate positive relationship, perfect positive relationshipUnderstanding Causation-the third variable problemEx. The choice of videogame and aggression could be correlated, but being bullied could be the third variable-confounding variable – something that influences correlation, which is why correlation does NOT equal causationDesigning an Experimental Study-manipulate or control one variableIndependent variable = the cause-observe or measure changes in other variablesDependent variable(s) = the effect-null hypothesis – the hypothesis stating that there is no difference between the control and theuse of the independent variableAssigning Participants Groups in a Study-randomization – randomly assign participants to:- Experimental groups, who experience the independent variable- Control groups, who do NOT experiment the independent
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