HIST 1483 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last LectureI. Imperial RivalryII. CLICKER QUESTIONSOutline of Current LectureI. Seven Years’ WarA. A World WarB. WashingtonC. Albany ConferenceD. Fort DuquesneE. Indian SiegeF. Turning PointG. Decisive BattleH. Indian RevengeI. Other ResultsCurrent LectureI. Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War to the colonists)A. It was really a world war1. Most wars start in Europe and spread to America, but this one began in America and spread to Europe2. This war was part of a bigger war largely fought between the Prussians (allies: Germans and English) and the Austrians (allies: French and Spanish)3. France and Britain were really after the prize of North Americai. Even while there was war in Europe, they were still sending troops to North Americaii. The English colonies had about 1.5 million people while New France had about 750,000 peoplea. New Britain was much more establishedb. The French didn’t have as much of a capacity to wage warB. Washington These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Played the leading role in starting this wari. Assassinated a diplomatii. Built a stockade in a low swampy area that the French surrounded, forcing him tosurrendera. They sent him back to Virginia disarmed2. He’s in the back country of the Ohio (Pittsburgh)C. Albany Conference1. Delegates from 7 of the colonies met in Albany to discuss a plan for common defensei. Before and during the American Revolution the colonies did not work togethera. Rather, they had separate, despaired interests and no common government(1) Ben Franklin had a plan for common government but the delegates wouldn’t consider itb. Now, “Join or Die” is a theme2. Primary objective: figure out how to get the powerful Iroquois nation to remain neutral in the conflict and not side with the Frenchi. The Iroquois historically played the Imperial Powers (French and English) against each otherii. The Iroquois gave the English half-hearted assurances of support while generally working for French victorya. Why? The Iroquois knew English expansion was a greater threat to their futureD. The first significant event of the war actually preceded the war1. In the summer of 1755, the British sent an army to try and remove the French from their (The English’s) fort (Fort Duquesne) in the 3 rivers regioni. Washington was on his way there to tell the French to leave but that whole disaster happenedii. Now the British decided to send this army of about 25,000 to force the French out more aggressivelyiii. Took a while because Edward Braddock, the general in charge, insisted on building a roadiv. On July 9 about 8 miles away from the Fort, the French and their Indian allies (only about 800 people) attacked by hiding behind trees and rocks in the woods and firing on the Englisha. It was a horrific massacre and the only survivors (about 1/3) literally ran for their livesb. Braddock was killed(1) An interesting effect of his defeat on the Monongahela is that the Indian tribes on the interior of the Ohio valley concluded that the British were not good fighters and they shouldn’t ally with them, so their allied with the French(i) Now they also have a military and strategic reason to ally with the French as well as self interest(2) When news of Braddock’s defeat reached Europe both England and France concluded that this was the pivotal moment of who really would control North Americac. One of the Virginia officers, Washington, distinguished himself by organizing aretreatE. All the way from Maine to Virginia was in a state of regular siege as the Indian allies tooktheir revenge on outposts and small farmers and settlementsF. Turning point came in 1757 when William Pitt (king’s minister) made the strategic decision to leave the brunt of the fighting in Europe to his Prussian allies and move the bulk of the British army to the North American forest1. Dispatched a large British army of several thousand troops and a large fleet2. Decided to appoint energetic young officers like James Wolfe and Jeffery Amherst who seemed to have a better grasp of strategic realitiesi. Forces under their direction captured Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island which guarded the entrance to the gulf of St. Lawrencea. New France is supplied by France by way of the St. Lawrence so they cut the supply lineb. The British can now starve the French colonial settlements into submissionc. The French forts in the Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes region began to fall(1) Fort Duquesne was abandoned in 1758(2) In 1759 the French surrendered the key forts of Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Niagara(3) The strategy of cutting off the French’s supply was workingd. Indian allies in the back country were left behind(1) The relied on the French to supply them and give them implements of war, foodstuffs, etc.(2) Most of the Indians declared neutrality or switched sidesG. Decisive battle was in Canada1. In 1759 General Wolfe led his 5,000 troops against the fortress city of Quebec at night past the rocky cliffs to the exposed landward side of the fortress (the Plains of Abraham)i. The French surrendered and Quebec fell, sending French Canada into perila. Montreal surrendered to Jeffery Amherst and the war was essentially overb. The British basically expelled the French from the New Worldc. Spain took control of the land west of the Mississippi while British took control of Canadad. Treaty of Paris was signedii. Wolfe was killedH. Several tribes didn’t accept the French loss easily1. Cherokee revolted and raided the English settlements from Carolina to Georgia because British control was tightened2. Jeffery Amherst decided that Indians in the Ohio valley had misbehavedi. He directed his army to use large dogs against the Indiansii. Gave Indians in the Pittsburgh area blankets infected with smallpoxiii. Indians rallied behind Pontiac, an Ottawan Indian, who gathered forces in the northwest and waged war on British forcesa. British suffered heavy losses (2,000 killed)iv. Neolin, a Lenape Indian prophet, argued that because the Indians had abandoned many of their traditional ways and were dependent on European goods, they debased themselvesa. He felt that their cultural integrity was violated and that this made them subservientb. This view was shared by other Indian leaders toov. British war of re-conquest took 2 years, and they