HIST 1483 1st Edition Lecture 7Outline of Last LectureI. Closing Question from Lecture 5II. ColonialismIII. VirginiaIV. ChesapeakeV. The New Problem of the Shortage of LaborVI. SlaveryVII. CLICKER QUESTIONSOutline of Current LectureI. The Great AwakeningII. English Economic ControlIII. Emergence of Economic and Social Elites in Colonial SocietyIV. The Slave TradeV. MigrationVI. CLICKER QUESTIONSCurrent LectureI. The Great AwakeningA. Make sure you know this. We didn’t discuss it in lecture but we did in discussionB. It’s also discussed in Chapter 4II. English Economic ControlA. Mercantilism1. Effort to create dependent colonies in North America based on an economic theory reflecting the aspirations of a rising middle class in the nation states of Europe2. They wanted to prosper and they saw the colonies as the mechanism for their prosperityi. Objective was to become self-sufficient nationsii. What was the concept of wealth of nations in that era?a. Wealth came mainly through the possession of money (gold, silver, jewelry, currency) so European governments emphasized the acquisition of precious metalsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. The European governments wanted to accumulate more wealth than they expended. We all want to have more wealth than we spend, right?(1) This worked well for Spain in the 16th century as they looted the wealth ofthe Aztecs and Incas(2) Didn’t really worked in the 18th century as colonies became more expensive to administer(i) European nations had few domestic sources of precious metals they tried to get them through foreign trade(a) Hence the need for a favorable balance of trade(b) More products were sold than those than were bought(c) Everything depended on the balance of trade(d) They would import precious items like indigo, gold, silk, etc. and export manufactured goods which they sold to the New World(e) Imports and exports could be carried in one’s own ship which was cheaper than paying someone else to ship them(f) This basic formula of mercantilism was the same for all European nations so all were trying to do the same thing- All wanted to encourage the domestic use of materials, all wanted to manufacture, all wanted to enlarge their merchant shipping- Every nation wanted a favorable balance of trade, which is impossible. Some nations are exporting more while some are importing more- Every other nation had to be treated as a rival from whom the least amount possible should be bought, and trade suffered overall- The answer to this problem? The Colonies3. Colonies and Mercantilismi. Colonies became the engine to generate raw materials and buy manufactured goodsii. Opportunities for investment dollars, overseas expansion, markets for manufacturers in the colonies which would all contribute to the wealth of the homelanda. This created an unfavorable balance of trade for the colonies but England doesn’t care because that’s why the colonies exist in the first place(1) They exist for the benefit of the empire and they’d have to deal with it(2) This type of relationship was imperialismiii. Parliament passed a series of laws to regulate trade called the Navigation Actsa. Passed between 1651 and 1673b. Restricted the colonial carrying trade to ships of English or colonial ownership(1) The goods that came out of the colonies had to be shipped in British or American shipsc. Designated certain enumerated (listed) articles that could only be shipped to another colony or to England(1) Certain commodities from the colonies could only be sold to England or to another English colony(2) Listed commodities (raw materials)(i) Tobacco(ii) Sugar(iii) Wool(iv) Indigo(v) Etc.d. Anything shipped to America from any country (except England) had to go through England first(1) England controlled the Atlantic trade to the English colonies(2) English manufactures had an advantage because all of the competitive nations have to pay fees England doesn’t have to pay(3) Buying things from other countries was more expensive because they hadto go through England or had taxese. Staple Act(1) Stated that almost all foreign commodities bound for the colonies had to pass through England firstf. Later on the Navigation Acts were augmented to limit or prohibit the manufacture of certain goods in the colonies(1) Parliament didn’t want colonies creating their own manufactures, they wanted them to get them from England(2) The production of certain manufactured goods in the colonies was actually prohibited(i) Hats(ii) Finished iron products(a) Raw iron production was higher in the colonies than in England(iii) Woolen itemsiv. Ultimately mercantilism oppressed the coloniesa. Suffered from an unfavorable balance of tradeb. Paid higher taxation for imported goodsc. Rights of trade were severely controlled and subvertedd. American colonists enjoyed the benefit of trade with England which was the most advanced nation in the world at producing manufactured goods(1) Also enjoyed the protection of the royal navyIII. Emergence of Economic and Social Elites in Colonial SocietyA. The result of exploding population figures (not including natives)1. By 1700 about ¼ million inhabitants2. In 60 years, increased to 1.6 million3. In 15 more years, increased to 2.5 million4. Why the rapid increase?i. As soon as a person was old enough to marry they could do so without fear of poverty because a newly married man could easily get land to subsist with his familya. Land was readily available5. About 280,000 arrivals between 1700 and 1780 came from Africai. This was the Slave TradeIV. The Slave TradeA. Slaves came from West Africa: the Gold Coast, the Slave Coast, Gambia, Angola, etc.1. Most went to the West Indies (4.1 million) where sugar plantations were thriving andBrazil2. Fewer slaves went to North America (less than 5%)3. 12.3 million were “exported” totalB. In the English colonies the climate was more temperate so slaves didn’t die so readily (except in South Carolina) and there were incentives to not working a slave to death1. Slaves were a significant economic investmentC. There was a natural increase in the slave population1. Slave owners discovered that it was profitable to let slaves live together, form families, and produce children which became slaves too (they inherited the status of the mother)i. It became very profitable to “breed”