HIST 1483 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last LectureI. Three Old Worlds Create a New (1492-1600)II. Early Settlement PatternsIII. BeringiaIV. ResourcesOutline of Current Lecture I. Europeans in the Western Hemisphere Before ColumbusII. Rise of Nation StatesIII. What Are the Nominal Powers of a State in this Era?IV. Emerging Kingdom of Spain. CastileV. Why Was Exploration So Difficult for Some and Not Others?VI. IndiaVII. ColumbusVIII. AmericaIX. Other Italian ExplorersX. Spain. Mexico: New Spaini. EncumiendaXI. Syphilis. The Columbian ExchangeXII. Clicker QuestionCurrent LectureI. Europeans in the Western Hemisphere Before ColumbusA. Norsemen almost 500 years before ColumbusB. Basques passing the AtlanticC. Bristol Fishermen fishing off the coast of Newfoundland decades before ColumbusD. Why weren’t they credited with the discovery of America?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Time and circumstance were not ready for the event of one world discovering anotherII. Rise of Nation StatesA. Kingdom of CastileIII. What Are the Nominal Powers of a State in this Era (beginning in the 15th century)? What arethe prerequisites before a state switches from local (men or lords) power to national power?A. Power to taxB. Power to wage warC. Power to administer lawIV. Emerging Kingdom of SpainA. Marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Argon in 1469B. Wedded the monarchs and their kingdomsC. Followed by the expulsion of the Islamic Moors from Spain1. Many scholars see this as a precondition of the new national stateD. Any political opposition eradicated by the Spanish InquisitionE. Portugal, England, and France followed this pattern of establishing national monarchs1. Unification was key for voyages of explorationV. Why Was Exploration so Difficult for Some and Not Others?A. Currents against explorers in Northern EuropeB. Spain and Portugal already had outposts in MadeiraC. First places discovered were in the Eastern Caribbean by people in Southern Europe because that’s what the currents favoredVI. IndiaA. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal sent explorers down the coast of Africa, leading to the voyage of Vasco de Gama (India was his destination) who brought back treasures from India, demonstrating the riches that could be gained by seaVII. Columbus (of Genoa, Italy)A. Asked Portugal, Spain (Isabella finally did for something like 10% of the profits he made),France, and England for expedition funding1. Thought it was possible to reach India by sailing west around the world2. He thought Asia was about 4,500 miles (actually 12,000 miles)3. August 3, 1492 on the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria with 90 men4. Kept 2 different log books, one lying about how far they had gone, to keep his men from panicking5. After about a month they landed on an island in the Bahamas, claimed it (and the people and resources) for Spain, and called it San SalvadorB. Voyage to Hispaniola1. 14932. Seventeen ships with 1,200 men, plants to transplant in the new land, domesticated farm animals, rats, weeds, smallpox, lung diseases3. Columbus enslaved the natives4. Searched for gold but found only very little5. Not a very successful model of the conquistador6. Thought he had found a route to the indies but we know he actually didn’tVIII. AmericaA. Comes from “Amerigo Vespucci”1. Amerigo’s map shows that they had a good understanding of Europe and Africa, a poor understanding of Asia, and next to no grasp of North and South America2. MAJOR CONTRIBUTION: Realized that Columbus didn’t discover the Indies, it was a new landIX. Other Italian ExplorersA. Giovanni Caboto (contemporary of Columbus) hired by England and explores Newfoundland1. Exerts English claim to North AmericaB. Giovanni da Verrazzano employed by France1. Around North CarolinaX. SpainA. Virtually unrivaled because of Martin Luther who led the Protestant Reformation1. As Spain is claiming its place in the “New World”, other European countries are torn by the Reformation2. This gave them a 100 year head startB. Begins exploiting their discoveries fairly quickly following ColumbusC. First settlements in the CaribbeanD. Diseases took an incredible toll on the natives1. Hispaniola: there were probably 500,000 Indians at the point of contacti. After about 20 years there were only about 30,000 leftii. After about 50 years only about 2,000 leftE. Inland (coast of Mexico)1. Vasco Núñez de Balboa reached Panama in 1513 and began exploiting the landi. Claimed all of the Pacific for SpainF. Florida Coast1. Juan Ponce de LeónG. Mexican Coast: A New Kingdom during the 15th and 16th century1. Hernándo Cortés with something like 600 men2. Won support of the Aztec’s enemies who controlled the valley of Mexico and Tenochtitlani. Enabled Cortés to assemble an army to go against the Aztecs who were over-awed by Cortés and his army, allies, horses, and weaponsii. Defeated the Aztecs with his allied army’s size and diseaseiii. Pulled down their temples, dwellings, etc. and used that stone to build their own public buildings and cathedralsiv. Took MontezumaII (tried to bribe the Spaniards) hostagev. Decimated the Aztec population with smallpox (by about 90%, 35 million to 3 million or less)3. Settlement pattern:i. Immigrants were screened, had to be Orthodox Catholic, limited numbers (only about 200,000 Spanish-speaking people), had to be loyal to the Spanish Crownii. Labor shortage led to the encumienda, the right to the land and to use the people who live on the land (care for, protect, and Christianize) given by Spain- Indians worked without pay or protection or rights and they died from disease, terrible living conditions, etc.- 2 profound effects of the labor shortage: importation of labor (forced labor comes easily from Africa for Spain) and a practical effort to integratethe Spanish with the Natives (Spanish men with Native wives)- A hierarchy results from integration1. Spaniards born in Spain were at the top of the social structure2. Creoles born in New Spain (Mexico) of Spanish Parentage3. Mestizos Mixed offspring of Spanish and Indian Parents4. Indians and enslaved people (Indian or African) are the bottom of the social structureXI. SyphilisA. Sculpture depicting syphilisB. Western Hemisphere to EuropeC. Shows Columbus and his men were having intercourse with natives D. The Columbia Exchange