HIST 1483 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last LectureI. Rise of Nation StatesII. What Are the Nominal Powers of a State in this Era?III. Emerging Kingdom of Spain. CastileIV. Why Was Exploration So Difficult for Some and Not Others?V. IndiaVI. ColumbusVII. AmericaVIII. Other Italian ExplorersIX.Spain. Mexico: New Spaini. EncumiendaX. Syphilis. The Columbian ExchangeXI. Clicker QuestionOutline of Current LectureI. Europeans Colonize North America (1600-1650)II. Continued Discussion of Spain in the New WorldIII. FranceIV. The DutchV. CLICKER QUESTIONSCurrent LectureI. Europeans Colonize North America (1600-1650)A. They colonize these places for the benefit of their mother country, not the native peoplewho lived thereB. All about conquest and subjugationII. Continued Discussion of Spain in the New WorldThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.A. Ongoing struggle of the Protestant Reformation pitted the Catholic nations against the Protestant nationsB. Delays the entry of other European Nations into the colonial race for markets, colonies, and peoplesC. For a while Spain was satisfied with just New SpainD. The Spaniards didn’t find wealth in North America so they didn’t bother much, except for St. Augustine and New Mexico1. St. Augustinei. 1565ii. First permanent settlement in North Americaiii. Tried to convert the Natives to Catholicism but it didn’t workiv. Troops burned their town to the ground, took control of their granaries, and basically starved them into submissionv. The Spaniards didn’t have a good understanding of Florida even after being therefor 100 yearsvi. Nothing more than a military outpost2. New Mexicoi. The English were pushing into the Pacific and a fear set in that the English would try to take over what Spain had claimedii. Juan de Oñate led an expedition from Mexico City to Northern New Mexico with about 130 citizen soldiers with their wives, servants, livestock, children, etc. to colonize, not conquer, the whole land (including El Paso and San Juan on the trip)and its inhabitants for Spaina. Most were mestizo, Indian, or Africanb. San Juan in the Rio Grande valley had some of the only arable land in central New Mexicoiii. There were about 50,000 – 60,000 Pueblos.a. Oñate has only about 500 people with him.b. Why didn’t they just kill them?- Oñate has livestock and foreign weapons- They remembered the cruelties of Coronado’s expedition in their homeland- They avoided conflict except for Acoma, NM which was easily defended because of its location1. However, Oñate invaded 3 years later and eventually defeated them after 3 days and took control2. For those who opposed his militia: males over 25 had their right foot amputated and had to serve for 20 years. Everyone between 12 and 25 had to serve 20 years of servitude3. Why? To make an example since Oñate didn’t have that many troopsII. FranceA. Became an imperial power in the New World a century after SpainB. Also wanted to exploit the New World for colonial gain1. Mercantilismi. Mid 1500s: France began to defy the Pope who had given the New World to Spain2. Met disaster on the South Atlantic Coast, so early French efforts were unfruitfulC. Finally found success far in the North near the St. Lawrence which is above Maine near Price Edward Island and Nova ScotiaD. St. Lawrence1. Samuel de Champlain founded several settlements in the St. Lawrence river valleyi. New France headquarters hereii. Was originally occupied by Algonquin and Iroquoian speaking peoplesiii. Champlain allied with the Hurons (in the N. Great Lakes region) and Montagnais very early on against the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy (btw there were 5: Mohawk, Seneca, Onondaga, Oneida, and Cayuga all south of the St. Lawrence)iv. This was a profound event in American history because the French pushed into the St. Lawrence and couldn’t go south because they were allied with the Huronsand the Iroquois wouldn’t let them in. They were blocked by the Iroquoisa. With the help of their allies they dominated the territory between the Great Lakes and the Ohio River- Traded tools, hatches, knives, kettles, cloth, etc. for furs which were used in France for fashion- They built their empire based on fur trade with the Indians instead of colonizing2. The Iroquois Confederacy: The League of the Iroquoisi. “People of the longhouse”ii. Formed around 1450iii. United, strong, dominated the region between Lake Ontario and the Hudson Riveriv. Dominate upstate New Yorkv. The French had to go around themvi. 50 sachems chosen by the mothers governed the leaguea. Couldn’t commend, only persuade or bargain3. Algonquin Indiansi. Eastern woodland peoplesii. Placed high value on reciprocity; you take, you give; you give then you can takea. Because of this the Europeans considered them uncivilizediii. Saw themselves as part of a larger system of nature which gave gifts to be used with carea. If they took anything from nature they had to do it respectfully, thankfully, dependently, and along certain taboosb. Animals were sources of spiritual powerc. Balanced dependencyiv. Reciprocity was also important within the tribes and among the tribesv. Held certain festivals, rituals, and games with reciprocity and fairness in mindvi. Didn’t conceal possessions, theft was not illegalvii. Marriage between tribes to form networks of sharing and helpingE. René Robert Cavalier de la Salle goes all the way down the Mississippi River in 1682 to the mouth and tries to claim the Gulf of Mexico for France (which Spain has already claimed)1. He knows that whoever controls the mouth of the Mississippi controls so much of internal America. He misses the mouth, his men killed him. Finally in 1699 Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville does find the mouth of the Mississippi for France and names the outpost New OrleansF. Wabanaki Confederacy1. Entered a reciprocal relationship with the Micmacs who were in the same area2. Micmacs traded with the French originally and shifted their economy focus to fur tradei. This took them out of their natural hunting ranges into the Wabanaki lands, who they attacked with weapons from the Frenchii. The French still didn’t make the Micmac masters of the landiii. Instead, they began trading with the Wabanakis and armed thema. This trade made their subsistence pattern subversive and dependent on French goods3. 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