HIST 1483 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last LectureI. The AmericanII. Clicker QuestionsOutline of Current LectureI. Three Turning Points of the American RevolutionII. Articles of ConfederationIII. Clicker QuestionsCurrent LectureI. Three Turning Points of the American RevolutionA. Washington’s Christmas Day attack on the British Hessian army at Trenton and Princeton1. Battle for New York2. The whole movement could have dissipated but Washington surprisingly pulled this victory offB. Hudson highland strategy1. Burgoyne’s army sent down to severe New England colonies from the rest2. Resulted in disaster3. Burgoyne was defeated at Saratoga4. New England not severed5. Led to the French deciding to align themselves with the Americansi. They weren’t interested in American independence, but they had been secretly supplying the patriot efforta. 90% of the gunpowder the colonists had was from the Frenchii. Once Burgoyne was defeated they became public about it and supplied colonists with warships, soldiers, and aidiii. Ben Franklin was an American commissioner for France and he was astute at portraying himself as a home-spun American which charmed the court of Louis XVIiv. Recognized the United States of Americaa. They were colonies, nothing united them other than their desire to break free from Britain and their colonial statusThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.6. General Howe was withdrawn and replaced with General Henry Clintoni. Now the British are fighting to suppress the independence movement AND their cross-channel deep rivalry with Franceii. Now the French have the opportunity for revengeiii. Clinton decides to redirect the war effort from New York and New England to the South to try and pull key positionsa. Also hoped southern loyalists would rally to the crownb. War dragged on in the Chesapeake and the Carolinas for about 2 years(1) British Captured most of the important American forts (Savannah, Charleston, Wilmington)(2) They moved from the port cities to the interior back to the coast(3) In May of 1780 Clinton captured Charleston harbor and 5500 men of the patriot army(4) Clinton sailed to NY and left Lord Cornwallis to clear the Carolinas of the patriot forces(i) These battles take place mostly in the fall and winter of 1780 and spring of 1781(ii) Cornwallis goes into the interior and finds guerilla units which attack and harass his supply lines(a) Every time he moved his troops, the rebel bands would attack in the Tidewater and Piedmont regions(iii) Clinton had promised the African slaves in the Carolinas their freedom if they’d support the British arms(a) 20,000 slaves flee the plantation and head for Charleston where they are enlisted and enrolled in African American regiments to fight alongside the white regiments(b) Now there was:- Loyalists vs. Patriots- African Americans vs. white overseers- British vs. Americans(iv)Cornwallis marched into the interior and defeated the patriot forces in Camden(a) As he moved northward into North Carolina, his left wing was attacked by patriots at King’s Mountain- An entire loyalist column was defeated(v) Cornwallis finally got the battle he wanted at Guilford Court House(a) They suffered more causalities than the patriots (b) Tries to retreat down the York peninsula- While waiting for reinforcements, the French arrived from the Caribbean, drove off the supply ships, and trapped Cornwallis(c) Washington marches his army (which includes French regulars andis twice as big as the British army) southward toward the York Peninsula and seizes Cornwallis, who surrenders on October 19, 1781(d) This was the great victory of the Revolutionary War, the Battle of Yorktown7. British still had 35,000 troops in the colonies and still held NY, Charleston, Savannah,and Wilmington but they were losing their holdings in the Caribbeani. Lost West Floridaii. Lost colonial possessions in Indiaiii. Were afraid they’d lose Jamaicaiv. French and Spanish fleets were combining near the English Channelv. Peace arrangements began during the summer of 1782 with Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jaya. Treaty of Paris of 1783 was negotiated by the American delegation over the objections of the French(1) The French only wanted to evict the British from North America and the Caribbean, they did not want a strong republican American nation(i) Wanted to regain control of the Ohio Valley which they lost in the aftermath of the Seven Years’ War(ii) French propose a joint negotiation position but Jay, Adams, and Franklin refuse and negotiate directly with Britain(2) The preliminary deal was agreed to in November of 1782, and the final treaty was signed by all parties in September of 1783(3) Set the boundaries of the U.S.(i) South of the Great Lakes all the way to Rupert’s Land(ii) Western Boundary: Mississippi River(iii) Northern Boundary: Canadian boundary along the Great Lakes(iv)Southern Boundary: 31 degrees latitude, along FL border(v) Back to Spain: All land westward and southward(vi)More than doubles the size of the U.S. (4) French and Britain are out, Spain holds FL and LA while Britain holds CanadaII. Articles of ConfederationA. Will be talked about more in discussion sectionsB. The Articles of Confederation Government was the actual government of the United States during the revolution1. Technically the first government of the U.S.2. A confederate is an organization of separate independent groupsi. This was a confederacy of 13 individual, independent states3. There really wasn’t an actual governmenti. No executive body, only legislative which has almost no power because the states are sovereign4. Passed two landmark ordinances affecting the newly gained lands west of the Appalachiansi. Land Ordinance of 1785a. Up to this point there were mostly squattersb. Provided a system of surveying and selling the land to the public(1) First use of a systematic survey and sale in the Ohio Region(i) Land was surveyed into six mile square townships which were subdivided into 640 acre lots(ii) This is just like the British imperial systemii. Land Ordinance of 1787a. Northwest Ordinance(1) Set up the process by which the unorganized areas of the interior could form governments(i) They could elect officials(ii) They could establish themselves by applying as territories and eventually becoming part of the confederacy of states “on an