HIST 1483 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 18 - 24These notes cover all of the lecture material that the Final (Third) Midterm Study Guide (given to us on D2L) guides us to focus on. Please consult the textbook for more concepts, more terms, and a better understanding of the material. After most topics I have included page numbers of the text where you can find relevant information. This study guide, like any study guide, does not cover every concept that may be on the exam.I. Southern Slave OwnershipA. Antebellum south was unique1. South was a producer of staple crops for the rest of the nation and Europe(i) Cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar(a) Cotton was labor-intensive(1) Required many field hands(ii) Slavery became economically, socially, and politically important in the southB. Slavery was a system of race relations and a system of labor1. The system of chattel (moveable property) slavery was built on a foundation of racism(i) Racism cut across class lines(a) Slave owners had a deep psychological reason to justify slavery(1) They had to justify their own behavior(2) Racism played to those emotions(b) Had an appeal to the lowest class of whites because even they could claim superiority over the imported Africans2. Slaves represented an investment capital(i) By the 1860s the slaves population numbered about 4 million(a) They represented a $2 billion investment(b) Viewed purely as an investment, slaves were very profitable(1) 1859: the average plantation field slave produced $78 in cotton earnings yearly, while costing only $32 to be fed, clothed, and housed yearly(2) The “property value” of prime field hands increased dramatically ($600 in 1844 to $1800 in 1860)(c) Slaves were not only moveable property but could also be used as collateral(1) Many slaves were purchased on installment plans with mortgage paymentsII. William Lloyd Garrison and the Liberator (339-341)A. In 1825, William Lloyd Garrison felt that slavery’s very existence went against the Declaration of Independence1. In the first issue of his newspaper, The Liberator, was the Declaration2. He completely denounced it3. Within 4 years, 200 anti-slavery societies appeared in the north(i) A massive campaign of education/propaganda followed(ii) 20,000 anti-slavery pamphlets were mailed directly to southern plantations and newspapers(iii) Georgia offered $5,000 to anyone who could get Garrison to stand trial against the state of Georgia4. Became increasingly radical and sought to disassociate with any organization that tolerated slavery at allB. Approaching the Civil War1. Groups became more an more radical(i) Churches divided(ii) Garrison advocated for the dissolution of the U.S.(a) In 1854 he publicly burned a copy of the constitutionIII. Anti-Slavery ArgumentsA. Slavery was in the process of being abolished in almost every other region in the worldB. Slave owners are immoral and anti-Christian1. Slavery is a moral evil that violates the principles of life and natural liberty2. Encourages sexual immorality3. Slave holders were involved in a host of anti-Christian practices(i) Breaking marriages(ii) Selling children(iii) Breeding slaves for sale(iv)Taking slave mistresses(v) Overworking/improper careC. Slavery was debasing to the master AND the slaveD. Economically retrogressiveE. Coalesce into a Free Soil Party1. Turn increasingly toward politics to solve this issue2. Becomes the republican party3. First Candidate: John C. FremontIV. Pro-Slavery ArgumentsA. Southern Justification/Rationalization1. Slavery grew because it was profitable and so it spread(i) This expansion brought slavery to the forefront of America’s social agenda(a) Northern abolitionist societies grew up and blossomed in the 1830s and 1840s(b) Southerners became very defensive and combative(1) Stopped apologizing, stopped considering it to be a necessary evil- Started casting it as a positive good2. Pro-slavery arguments by slave-owning southerners:(i) Historical: every superior civilization had slavery, someone has to do the dirty work(ii) Scientific: pseudo-scientific evidence of racial inferiority(iii) Religious: slavery was justified by the bible and a means of civilizing and Christianizing Africans(iv)Social: slaves were better off than northern “wage slaves”(v) Economic: slavery constituted the perfect labor force, free from strikes and discord3. Pro-slavery arguments by non-slave-owning southerners:(i) Energetic yeoman farmers could rise to the planter aristocracy through hard work and luck(a) Slavery offered an opportunity for economic advancement(ii) The abolition of slavery would put 4 million free laborers into the workplace to compete with4. Rebuttals after being confronted by abolitionists:(i) Masters were decent(ii) Slaves were content(iii) Living conditions were better than those in northern factoriesV. Slave SpiritualsA. In text only pages 296-300VI. Denmark VesseyA. In text only page 302VII. Nat Turner’s RevoltA. In text only pages 271, 302-303VIII. Slave CodesA. Defined the status of a slave1. Eliminated legal status as people2. Prohibited property ownership3. Prohibited court testimony against whites4. Prevent from entering and making contracts5. Established perpetual slavery(i) Lifelong and hereditary(a) Property of the mother’s master6. Provided “guidelines for hours of labor and standards of upkeep”(i) Not enforced, no mechanism for punishment7. Wanton killing of slaves defined as murder(i) What’s going to charge and prosecute slave owners that kill their slaves?(a) Not other slaves, they can’t testify8. Main objective: to establish discipline(i) Could not hold meetings without permission(ii) Could not use insulting language(iii) Could not strike whites(iv)Could not leave the plantation without having a taskIX. Status of Northern Blacks Before the Civil WarA. See reputable sources as this was too general to find in lecture notes or the textbookX. Oneida CommuneA. In text only pages 337-338XI. Shaker and the SexesA. In text only pages 337-338XII. Mormon MigrationA. In text only pages 336-337, 368-369XIII. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (377, 400)A. Fugitive Slave Laws opposed by majority in the north1. Their passage helped spread the abolitionist movement(i) Uncle Tom’s Cabin published shortly after they were passed(a) Very influential on public opinion(b) Opened the window for the public to observe what’s really going on in the slave’s worldXIV. Manifest Destiny (366, 389-390, 393)A. Referred to the