HIST 1483 1st Edition Lecture 16Outline of Last LectureI. The XYZ AffairII. Alien and Sedition ActsIII. Jeffersonian RevolutionIV. MadisonV. Clicker QuestionsOutline of Current LectureI. War of 1812II. Era of Transition and GrowthIII. Clicker QuestionsCurrent LectureI. War of 1812A. Madison decided to go to war against Britain largely because he was frustrated with:1. Their interference with American trade2. The impressment issue3. Their aiding of the Northwest Indian attack on U.S. settlers in the Ohio ValleyB. West and South in favor of a war, New England against a war1. Is it good to take a divided nation into war…?C. 2 days before war was declared, the British government had repealed the orders that had caused so much of Madison’s frustration1. American sanction worked but no one knew because news travelled very slowly, especially across the Atlantic, so it was too late to turn backD. How prepared was America for war?1. Not veryi. Had about 7,000 soldiersii. Had about 17 ships in the navyiii. Officers were oldE. Strategy1. A three-pronged attack on Canada which largely failedi. Thousands of Americans surrendered to a much bigger British forceii. Read about it in textiii. New York militia refused to support this Canadian invasioniv. In 1813 the failure continuedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. An American army defeated at Frenchtownv. American forces at York burned the provincial capital building near current-day Torontovi. In September, American Oliver Hazard Perry constructed a fleet and sank the British ships on Lake Erie which forced the British to retreat south of the Great Lakes and out of the Ohio River Valleya. British abandoned their Indian allies who were forced to fend for themselves(1) They retreated back into Canadavii. In October General Harrison defeated the retreating British in the Battle of Thamesa. Tecumseh is killedviii. Stalemate continuesa. Americans can’t get anywhere in Canada, British are essentially out of the Ohio Valleyix. In 1814, the Napoleonic Wars end in Europea. British won and then had 18,000 veterans that they could turn on America(1) They concentrated most of their force on the Chesapeake and then marched into Washington and burned the government building(i) Madison forced to hide out in the countryside(2) Attacked on Baltimore(i) British forced to retreat therex. Neither side really won this warxi. In the South things were bettera. In 1813, the Red Sticks of the Creek nation attacked American settlements in Alabama and Mississippi at Fort Mims(1) Killed hundreds of American families(2) Frontier militiamen from TN, GA, and MS led by General Andrew Jackson retaliated by smashing the Creek Confederacy at the battle of Horseshoe Bend(i) The beginning of the destruction of southern Indian resistance(ii) Jackson is now a hero(iii) They then marched south and captured a fort at Pensacola which the British were planning on using for their invasion(a) So instead, the British decided to move to New Orleans with an army of 10,000 veterans- Battle of New Orleans took place 2 weeks after the war was officially over- Treaty of Ghent had been signed in Europe but word of the treaty took weeks to reach America- Jackson and the Americans won because the British marched right into American fortifications and the Americans took over 2,000 British lives- War ends on a positive note for Americans- Any British attempt to carve out LA land is thwarted by the victory at New Orleansb. Creek and Northwest confederacies are defeatedc. Deciding peace settlements(1) British wanted land cessions in NY and Maine(2) Wanted permanent Indian reservations around the Great Lakes(3) Americans settled for the boundaries in place before the war(4) None of the reasons America went to war even mattered anymoreF. What’s important about the war of 1812?1. Effectively destroyed the ability of Indian tribes to resist westward American expansioni. Northwest confederacy of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa is defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoeii. Creek confederacy is crushed by Jackson at Horseshoe Bendiii. Virtually all of the significant Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River are forced to relocate to the westa. In the 1820s the government conceived the idea of setting up a permanent Indian territory for removed Indians2. War allowed America to rewrite its boundaries with Spain and solidify control of the lower Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexicoi. In 1818 Spain recognized this and ceded FL to the U.S.3. The war destroyed the Federalist partyi. Ended the 2-party system for some timea. “Era of Good Feelings” (1814-1824)b. Read about in text4. Demonstrated the viability of the U.S. as a function in governmenti. In 1789 when the new constitution went into effect, whether America would succeed was up in the aira. Whether the U.S. could survive was always questionedii. New nation’s achievements were impressivea. In the first 25 years it had adopted a Bill of Rights, enacted a financial program, secured the nation’s credit, stimulated economic growth, created the first heavily supported political parties in its history, faced war and revolution,doubled the size of the country, opened the land to conquest against Indians, and won international respect by waging 2 wars against BritainII. Era of Transition and GrowthA. “Era of Good Feelings” (1814-1824)B. America was still a rudimentary nation1. Primitive2. No transportation network3. Few central markets4. Low agricultural productivity5. Small urban labor pool6. Little technical knowledge, training, or innovationC. Problem of transportation1. Stagecoaches were the primary mode of transportationi. Slow, cumbersome, not always availableii. Roads were just dirt paths (or in some cases cobblestone)iii. Shipping anything over land was difficult and expensivea. Cost just as much to ship something 300 miles over land as it did to ship something to Europe2. Road-building began as early as the 1790si. Pennsylvania turnpike3. By 1811, NY had about 1500 miles of road and PA had about 2200 miles of roadi. Early roads were usually turnpikes4. High cost of over-land transportation led to a search for alternativesi. Water transport an option if you had access the Potomac, Hudson, or Mississippi because other rivers weren’t really navigable ii. Solution: Clermonta. By Robert Fulton in 1807b. Steam poweredc.