HIST 1483 1st EditionExam# 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 -10These notes cover all of the lecture material that the First Midterm Study Guide (given to us on D2L) guides us to focus on. Please consult the textbook for more concepts, more terms, and a better understanding of the material. After each concept I have listed page numbers where I think you can find material relevant to the topic.I. Impact of the Crusades (1-13)A. Early Settlement patterns1. South to North (unlike the common misconception which says north to south)B. Beringia1. Land route from Asia to North America caused by the ice cap which lowered the surface of the ocean by about 300 feet2. Made the largest migration wave during the ice age possible about 11,500 to 12,500 years ago(i) Ice age ended, populations thrived, all large mammals except bison were killed off (or became victims of climate change)3. Paleo-Indians (Pre-Indians from Paleolithic age) settled in Meso-AmericaC. Resources1. The Mississippi River Valley and Northwestern U.S. (today Washington and Oregon) regions had the most resources (gathered, hunted, fished)2. Agriculture was a major indicator of whether a civilization was successful or not(i) Once a civilization got agriculture underfoot it was able to advance and fully establish itself(a) Mississippian and Mesoamerican areas are perfect examplesD. Europeans in the Western Hemisphere Before Columbus1. Norsemen almost 500 years before Columbus2. Basques passing the Atlantic3. Bristol Fishermen fishing off the coast of Newfoundland decades before Columbus4. Why weren’t they credited with the discovery of America?(i) Time and circumstance were not ready for the event of one world discovering anotherII. Opechancanough/Indian War of 1622 (43)A. Joint Stock Company1. A group of London merchants established the first joint stock company and sent three ships (the Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery) in 1606 with 108 males (all fortune-seekers) and landed in 1607 in the Chesapeake(i) Founded Jamestown(a) There were wars with the Indians- Opechancanough hated the white people because he knew they would overwhelm his peoples1. He gathered his warriors and plotted an attack on Jamestown, killing 347 English people (1/4 of them)2. Now John Smith could launch a war of exterminationB. A second war erupted in 1644 led by Opechanacanough who was determined to fight back even if he couldn’t realistically win1. Powhatans under him were simply resigned to a grim fatalistic approach thinking it was better to die honorably in combat2. Opechanacanough did everything he could to arm his men with musketry3. Still a successful uprising that inflicted terrible carnage on Virginia(i) More than 500 were killed4. Indians lost over 1,000 and were ultimately destroyedIII. Sub-Saharan Africa and Slavery (74-86)A. South Carolina1. After the 1690s rice cultivation became the staple of the coastal economy (tide waterregion)(i) Rice plantation owners wanted African slaves brought in, and the first did from Barbados(ii) By 1720 there were 18,000 people but the Africans outnumbered the English 2:1B. North Carolina1. Did not import slave plantation farming from Barbados but instead many North Carolinians migrated down form the Chesapeake Bay areaC. Jamaica1. By the time the colonies were ready to break free from England the strongest colony was in Jamaica2. English merchants and planters in Port Royal imported slaves from Barbados(i) By the end of the century there were 8x as many slaves as English peopleD. Chesapeake1. By the 1670s the colonies were suffering a labor shortage because indentured servitude was less favored2. Wealthy Chesapeake landowners had to find a solution(i) Their solution: Import African slaves from Barbados and JamaicaE. Slavery1. It was dying out in Europe in the 15th century and starting in the western hemisphere2. The Portuguese were the great initiators of the Atlantic slave trade(i) Traded for slaves with coastal African kingdoms 3. Slavery in Africa was based on captivation and warfare and it was not hereditary(i) Slaves became in a way almost members of the family(ii) The Portuguese exploited this(a) Understood coastal slaves had value (could be purchased and traded) so they took advantage by arming the coastal tribes so they could go into the interior and fight other tribes(b) They could now capture enemies, bring them to the coast, and trade them(c) Cycle of violence: weapons traded for slaves4. In the 1630s the Dutch controlled the slave trade5. By the 1650s the English started too and rivaled the Dutch (even waged wars)(i) In 1672 Charles II chartered the Royal African Company(a) Crown charter company to monopolize all of the English slave trade because the king wanted all the profit(b) In time it became the single largest enslaving business in the Atlantic trade- They had competition and many people turned war ships into slave trade ships(c) English and North American ships were competing and the slave trade become a rivalry6. Over 50 years, ships transported 689,600 captive Africans brought to the coast, sold, and shipped(i) Had to be transported from the interior to the coast which was a long and brutal trip because a slave would be passed from one settlement to another(a) Usually marked in gangs(b) Shackled in collars and chains(c) Thrown into barracoons for temporary confinement(ii) On ships, 300-600 slaves were stowed with only 2 feet 7 inches to themselves(a) Fatalities averaged at about 15% because of disease, purposeful starvation, desperate suicide(iii) Read about where they went in the book(a) Chesapeake began with importation from Barbados in 1640s- Leonard Calvert of Maryland ordered 17 African slaves (more expensive than indentured servants but were slaves for life)1. There was a shift to African slavery for many reasonsa. Better long-term investmentb. Better resistance to coastal diseases than Indians hadc. In 1660s, Virginia declared that slavery was inheritable according to the condition of the motherd. In 1670, decided non-Christians imported by shipping were slavesi. No discussion of race because it hadn’t been worked out yete. By 1750, African slaves constituted 40% of the Virginian population(b) Most came from the West Coast of Africa and Angola (Gold Coast)- Some of the African coastal communities became very powerful because they allowed colonists to build trading posts1. They were intermediaries2. Dahomey and Asante became very powerful and were completely turned