HIST 1483 1st edition Lecture 24Outline of Last LectureI. Turning Point of the Civil WarII. Grant in ChargeIII. North Wins the Civil WarIV. ReconstructionV. Clicker QuestionsOutline of Current LectureI. Freed SlavesII. ReconstructionA. Based on 3 ThingsB. Lincoln’s AssassinationC. Radicals and Southern ConductD. A StruggleE. TerrorismF. Last Few Reconstruction GovernmentsG. Election of 1876III. Clicker QuestionsCurrent LectureI. Freed SlavesA. The Freedmen’s Bureau had been providing some assistance for war refugees (former slaves)1. Most left plantations to try and find sold family members and partnersB. Need the basics of life1. Food, shelter2. A paid job3. Educationi. They were intentionally kept in a state of illiteracy4. Citizenshipi. And political rightsii. Constitution says nothing about slaves except that they will be counted as 3/5ths of a person for purposes of taxation and representationiii. Right to vote5. EqualityThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Think about it: if the U.S. had a wartime refugee problem today and there were millions of displaced people with no education, property, income, or employment history, there would be benefits, opportunities, and programsa. In 1865, these federal programs don’t exist(1) Who’s supposed to take care of the welfare of the people?(i) Churches, charities, local philanthropists, local town government(ii) A local, private affair(a) This was an issue because their local community didn’t have the freed slaves’ best interest at heartb. A series of theories were presented for reconstruction(1) Southern states claimed they had the right to secede and left the Union, now they’re saying Lincoln was right and they never left the Union(i) Sumner said they had given up their rights as states by leaving and that they committed state suicide(a) According to Sumner, the southern states would have to conform to whatever program the federal government said(2) Moderate northerners in the Lincoln camp felt that the southern states were in the union but they had a disloyal leadership that had to be replaced(3) Lincoln had a plan of reconstructionII. ReconstructionA. Based on 3 things1. He would issue a proclamation of amnesty for those that had come back to the Union2. The states could come back to the union as soon as 10% of the voting electorate would take an oath of loyalty to the U.S.i. This was challenged by many who thought this was too lenienta. Wade Davis Bill proposed(1) The Ironclad Oath included(i) Said the majority instead of 10%(2) Lincoln pocket vetoed it3. The union would move forth like secession had never happenedB. Lincoln never got to put his plan into action because he was assassinated1. Replaced by Andrew Johnson (republican)i. Didn’t agree with Lincoln’s plan at allii. Had a series of objectivesa. Wanted to destroy the southern aristocracyb. Wanted to reestablish the alliance that formerly existed in Jacksonian time between western independent farmers and independent farmers in the southc. Wanted to issue proclamations of amnestyd. Wanted to have loyalty oaths administerede. Appointed provisional governors to get the states going again as soon as the war was overf. Did all of this in the summer of 1865 under his executive authority because congressmen had gone home for the hot summer(1) Only accepted former military and government leaders and holders of property valued at more than $20,000(2) State governments were supposed to invalidate their secession ordinances, abolish slavery, repudiate the war debts, and ratify the 13th Amendments(i) 13th Amendment abolishes/outlaws slavery(ii) That’s it! None of the stuff the freedmen need(a) Andrew Johnson doesn’t do anything for the freedmenC. The positions of radicals in congress was strengthened by southern conduct1. A lot of them were former confederate leadersi. Most Unionists saw these people as traitors2. Black Codesi. Regulated the rights of blacksii. Recognized that blacks were free people but their rights were restricteda. They couldn’t work anywhere except in the fields or as domestic servantsb. Vagrancy was outlawedD. A Struggle1. A struggle between President and Congress for supremacyi. December of 1865, Congress refused to seat the elected former confederatesii. Passed a Freedmen’s Bureau Bill which Johnson vetoed earliera. Congress overruled itb. Why is it controversial?(1) First federal relief bill(i) Distributed 18 million rations(a) 5 million went to dislocated white southernersiii. Joint committee drafted a proposed amendment to the constitution which became the text of the 14th amendmenta. Passed in the House and Senateb. Then went to the statesc. A loophole: if they’re not subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. (Indians aren’t) then they’re not citizensd. Black codes are unconstitutionaliv. Johnson went on a tour called the Swing Around the Circle Tour speaking out about the radical republican reconstruction plan and the 14th amendmenta. Wants moderates elected to Congressb. Republicans are like “why did we fight a civil war?”c. Congress takes control of reconstruction(1) Passed a series of 4 bills: Military Reconstruction Acts(i) South divided into 5 military districts(a) South under Marshall law until Congress let them back into the Union- They could get out of this by ratifying the 14th Amendment(2) Command of the Army Act followed(i) The President couldn’t remove military commanders without congressional approval(3) Tenure in Office Act(i) President could not remove his cabinet officers without the approval of Congress(ii) Designed to protect Edwin Stanton (Republican), the Secretary of War(a) Johnson fired him anyway because he thought it was unconstitutional- Congress responded with (11) impeachment measures- Acquitted, not convicted (by 1 vote)- He’s not getting removed or going to jail- Congress wanted to send him the message that they were in charge of reconstruction, not him(4) None of these do anything for the freedmen, but the 14th amendment gives political remedies(i) They could vote and hold office(a) Blacks started holding positions of power like state legislatures and the Senate- They were educated, refined, rather conservative(b) Republicans, the Grand Old Party of Lincoln, benefitted(c) Grants got many votes from blacks, south voting Republican while NY andNJ