HIST 1483 1st Edition Lecture 19Outline of Last LectureI. The Rise of the SouthII. Southern Justification/RationalizationIII. Abolition of SlaveryIV. Approaching the Civil WarV. Examining the Lives of SlavesVI. Clicker QuestionsOutline of Current LectureI. The Tran-Mississippi WestII. Martin Van BurenIII. John TylerIV. Clicker QuestionsCurrent LectureI. The (Trans-Mississippi) WestA. The events in the West precipitate the Civil WarB. Inhabitants in the 1830s1. Indiansi. Worked in California mission work and died at twice the rate of slaves in the southeastii. In Oklahoma, immigrant tribes (Cherokee, Muscogee, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw2. Hispanics (Spanish, Mexicans)i. Mexico broke away from Spain in 1820a. Began in 1810 and ended on September 21, 1821b. Collapse of Spanish authority created something of a power vacuum in the northern provinces(1) There wasn’t strong government or control in these provincesc. In California this independence led to the collapse of the mission system(1) Californians demanded that they be secularized(i) Mission had to be broken up and sold or given away, usually to citizens(ii) Mexican government also made private land grants(a) Sometimes as large at 50,000 acres(b) Indians continued to work there and California mission Indians died at twice the rate as slaves in the southeast(iii) Also led to American colonization of TexasThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.ii. In 1820, Moses Austin sought Spain permission to bring Americansa. He was allowed to bring 300 American families(1) They allowed this because these people would act as a buffer zone against the Apache and Comanche frontier(i) Also, Spanish attempts at colonization had been relatively unsuccessful(2) By 1824, Austin attracted only 272 colonists (i) Government of Mexico gave each of them 4,428 acres(ii) Strings attached: one had to become a Mexican citizen and convert to Catholicism(iii) By 1830 Americans in Texas outnumbered Mexicans in Texas (3:1)(iv) Why so many? “Manifest Destiny”iii. Manifest Destinya. Referred to the continental aspirations of American(1) They felt that the United States was destined to build a continentb. Based on the assumption that American possessed a kind of political, economic, ideological, cultural superiority over other nationsc. Basic hunger for landiv. In the 1820s, Mexican authorities were alarmed by the flood of Americansa. General Manuel de Mier y Terán was sent to TX to investigate(1) Told his authorities that Mexico was destined to lose TX unless the government quickly regained control because the Americans were not following their rules(i) They were not converting to Catholicism, they were reestablishing slavery, and most of their trade was with the U.S.(a) Mexico abolished slavery, restricted trade with the U.S., levied customs duties(b) This might have led to rebellion, but General Antonio López de Santa Anna became the president- Colonists had hoped Santa Anna would grant TX a certain amount ofautonomy but he basically became a military dictator- He had Austin arrested and imprisoned for 2 years when Austin went to him to explain his grievances(ii) In November of 1835, Americans in TX established their own constitution and formed a temporary government(a) Voted against immediate independence because they wanted to attract Mexican liberals and overthrown Santa Anna(b) Appointed their own military general, Sam Houston- In March of 1836, Santa Anna marched north with about 7,000 soldiers and seized Texas defenders in the Alamo- Sam Houston raised and army and counterattacked Santa Anna and won the war- Mexican government refused to recognize Texas’ independencev. Spanish population in Alta California was restricted to a series of small communities on the west coasta. Spain colonized these areas as a defensive policy to keep others nations from taking themvi. New Mexicoa. One of the first with Oñateb. Flooded with fur trappers3. Traders and trappers (fur trade)i. Especially in New Mexicoii. Accomplished what “official government explorers” like Lewis and Clark had not donea. Explored every nook and cranny of the west between 1807 and 1840 relentlessly searching for furbearing mammalsb. Gained a knowledge of the west that had always been missingiii. Furs used mainly in fashion, especially the beaver peltiv. Ashley-Henry Fur Companya. Began in the spring of 1822b. William Ashley and Andrew Henry(1) Put out an ad for young menc. Went up the Missouri River and ran into trouble with the Arikara tribe(1) Decided to go overland(i) Jedediah Smith found a large population of beavers(a) Indians wouldn’t cooperate so they started trapping them themselves- Beginning of the mountain man era(b) Held rendezvous every summer- Basically week-long circus in the wilderness- Led to over trapping and near extinction(2) Trade declined because fashion changed4. People beginning to push into OregonII. Martin Van BurenA. Jackson’s successorB. Precipitated a major realignment in party supportC. From NYD. Alienated many of the southern members of the Whigs1. Alternate party of the 2-party system2. Jackson Era provoked enough opposition that Jackson’s enemies were calling him King Andrew Ii. These opponents form the Whig party3. They nominated William Henry Harrison (hero of Tippecanoe)i. His campaign emphasized Log Cabin Originii. Easily defeated Martin Van Bureniii. Caught pneumonia because he gave a 2 hour inauguration address in the rain and refused to wear a coata. He died a month laterb. His VP, John Tyler, was a former democrat and as he became president he abandoned most of the Whig idealsIII. John TylerA. Many Whigs resigned1. Whigs are drawn together under Henry Clay and unified the partyB. Tyler vetoed 9 major bills, inhibiting Whig successC. Election of 18441. Pivotal as it pitted Clay against James K. Polk2. Clayi. Leader of Whig Partyii. Very popular3. Polki. Not that well-knownii. Waffled on the issue of Texasa. Was in favor of Texas annexation but not yetb. Compromising lost him support on both sides of the issuec. Won over Clay, who lost because he lost the state of NY by 5,000 votesiii. President Tyler took a lesson from Polk’s victory and called for congressional legislation which provided for the annexation of Texasa. Texas is independentb. In 1844, Texas joins the U.S.iv. Capitalized on the issue