HIST 1483 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last LectureI. Europeans Colonize North America (1600-1650)II. Continued Discussion of Spain in the New WorldIII. FranceIV. The DutchV. CLICKER QUESTIONSOutline of Current LectureI. The DutchII. The EnglishIII. Brief of Next LectureIV. Clicker QuestionsCurrent LectureI. The DutchA. Henry Hudson established the foundations of the Dutch Colony of New Netherland which was mostly a commercial enterprise1. Located at the mouth of the Hudson near many connected rivers which granted them great access2. Not a colony in the sense that the Dutch sent thousands of people over to establish farms and colonies3. Only found the important settlements of New York and the Hudson River ValleyB. Most of the inland country was controlled by fur traders (bosch-loopers) who were always searching for pelts from the IroquoisC. Local Algonquin Indians on the Delaware and Hudson estuaries were adept at making wampum (see lecture 3) which were used in elaborate ceremonial wampum belts1. Wampum belts could be used to solidify treaties, negotiations, and arrangements as well as for ceremonial purposes, as currency, and to pay a ransom.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.D. The Dutch were the middlemen between wampum, the currency and fur, the commodityE. Made it a policy to recognize the sovereignty (the right to legally govern themselves) of the Native tribes1. Even recognized that the Indians had title to the land they owned (though the Indians did not think of land in terms of realty or property that could be sold and bought)i. The Indians still claimed their right to use their landii. Why did they respect the Indians’ title to the land?a. They couldn’t claim to have discovered the land since Spain and France already established their right of discovery of North Americab. Couldn’t have claimed it as a donation from the Pope like Spain and Portugal did (they weren’t even catholic, they were protestant)c. So they had to find a new basis for their establishment of New Netherland- They claimed that the Indians owned the land and they let the Dutch have it, so that’s their claim to it(1) They gained title through purchase, gift, and conquest2. This was still conquesti. They produced conflict between tribes by arming them and dividing themii. There was great competition over pelts, tribes were hunting them into extinction and the Dutch were arming them and helping them do ita. First big manifestation of this: The Dutch commander at Fort Orange (Albany) agreed to arm the raiding party of Mohicans against the Mohawks (of the Iroquois)- They then claimed neutrality- The Mohicans lost and were driven east- Why didn’t the Dutch help the Mohicans, which they armed initially? The Iroquois had better access to pelts so the Dutch didn’t want to alienate themb. Since the animals in this area were exhausted, did this mean the end of the fur trade?- They went further north and west(1) A problem with this: outside Iroquois territory and into the French Canadian area with the Hurons, who didn’t like the Iroquois(2) This lead to wars and Indians becoming dependent on Europeans for weaponry(3) Eventually the Iroquois became militarily powerful and conquered tribes who they forced to pay tributes(4) New France was under siege(a) They start arming the Hurons(b) Forced into a market economyF. Dutch relations with the coastal Indians (who the Dutch no longer viewed as trading partners) were more severe than with the Iroquois because there were misconceptions of land ownership1. They thought they could purchase land from the Indians and that this would give them exclusive ownership of the land.i. However, those Indians were centered around reciprocity and didn’t hold concepts of exclusive ownership so even when they sold land to the Dutch they thought they could still use ita. Led to conflict: Begonia Massacre (1642), Peach Wars (1655)II. The EnglishA. While the French and Dutch established the fur trade to obtain furs, the English were trying to make land available for colonization for farming, settlements, buildings, and housing communitiesB. Knew this would lead to war and conflict with the Indians1. Tried to establish military, legal, and cultural superiority2. Came in with a colonial pattern of settlement which meant conquest and ultimately the removal of Indians3. This was a means to an end: a way to get a stronghold in the New WorldC. First attempt at an English Colony: Roanoke1. Sir Walter Raleigh (his half-brother Sir Humphrey Gilbert died) sponsored an expedition of about 600 men, most of whom were veterans of the Irish wars, in 15852. 107 were deposited on an island near North Carolina in Roanoke3. The Lost Colony of Roanokei. Local Croatan and Roanoke Indians were friendly but vulnerable to English diseasesii. War ultimately erupted over disagreementsiii. Veterans of the Irish wars were brutal with the Indiansa. Captured and executed a sachem, which lead to a vicious wariv. Sir Frances Drake dropped in to check on Roanoke, and the veterans wanted to leave because they were in war and it was horriblea. He took them home, Roanoke’s first attempt failed but a bigger effort might succeed, right?v. Raleigh came back in 1587 with families (114 people) to try to build a colonya. Leader: John Whiteb. The region is very humid and hot and very dry (drought)c. First English-speaking child born in the new world is Virginia Dared. John White knew the colony wouldn’t make it through the winter so he sailedback to England to get supplies- He couldn’t leave England because the ships were all tied up from the Spanish Armada- Finally gets back in 1590 but everyone is gone, word “croatoan” is carved in a tree, a great mystery of historyvi. English gave up for 20 yearsD. Richard Hakluyt1. Still wanted to try to found a colony in the New World2. Wanted to export people from England because there were “too many” homeless and landless people crowded in London3. Argued that the colonies could supply important commodities to England (timber, forexample)i. Profit for the mother country was the main idea but who has the money to fund these big enterprises?a. Joint Stock CompanyE. Joint Stock Company1. Wealthy people pool their resources and form a company (ex. The Virginia Company)to sponsor these voyages of exploration and colonization2. A group