TERMS Feb. 20, 2013 – Africa 15th-18th centuriesTimbuktu, MaliLibraries of TimbuktuLiterature in Africa south of the SaharaAfrican Civilizations, 1450-1750Great ZimbabweGreat ZimbabweGreat ZimbabweAfrican Civilizations, 1450-1750Slavery, a PrimerOrigins of the Slave TradeHuman Toll of the African Slave tradeThe economic engine: the new Atlantic economyImpactsSlave revoltsBenin bronzesBenin bronze plaqueOba of BeninBronze LeopardMask owned by DerainGeography of the Slave tradeTERMS Feb. 20, 2013 – Africa 15th-18th centuries•African Civilizations•Oral history …and written•Timbuktu•Great Zimbabwe•Ethiopia•Sahel (a.k.a the Soudan)•Niger River •Songhay •Slave trade routes•Europeans and the African Coast•Gold Coast/Slave Coast•Benin•Oba•Asante•Osei Tutu - founder•Asantehene – the king of Asante•Invention of Racism•Hegel Neba Solo - "Musow" Music of Mali : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aXqeZArkJ70&list=PL03D724C59CFBE314&index=10 6:31Crash Course: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvnU0v6hcUo 10:71Mali news, Jan. 28, 2013 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9px5JdPgoPU 0:00-2:22http://portal.unesco.org/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_7F97A843E19CD78C83304F2F696ADC2DFC771600/filename/25450_E_carte+route+esclave+600_420_NEW.pdf Slave trade map:Timbuktu, MaliS A H A R A D E S E R TLibraries of TimbuktuLiterature in Africa south of the Sahara•Literary cultures•The Sahel•Especially the school and libraries at Timbuktu•Ethiopia•Oral Cultures•Is writing necessary for civilization?•For instance, the Celtic peoples of Europe came relatively late to literacy•Plato’s complaint: Writing generates forgetfulness•The Google paradox!•Africa’s non-literary cultures can be understood through oral history.African Civilizations, 1450-1750•Southern Africa•Great Zimbabwe•East Africa•Ethiopia•Swahili coast cities•West Africa/Sahel •Mali•Songhay•Benin•Congo•Hausa States•Kanem & BornuGreat ZimbabweGreat ZimbabweGreat ZimbabweAfrican Civilizations, 1450-1750•Southern Africa•Great Zimbabwe•East Africa•Swahili coast cities•Ethiopia•West Africa/Sahel •Mali•Songhay•Benin•Hausa States•Kanem & Bornu•CongoSlavery, a Primer•Extent of Slavery •Greek, Roman, Islamic, Indian, Chinese, Medieval European…and African•Exception: Japan •Where do slaves come from? (Slavs?)•The weird disappearance of slavery in northern Europe•Labor patterns, feudal contracts, Black Death, Christianity, free towns•Legal abolition•No slaves HERE; can buy and sell elsewhere •The slave trade and Islamic cultures•Slaves came from all over•Flexibility of Islamic slavery•Slavery only minimally a racial construct in ArabiaOrigins of the Slave Trade•African slavery before Europeans•Europeans come to Africa – an unmitigated disaster•Portugal from 1441•The Atlantic island plantations from 1486•The Kingdom of Congo•The American expedient•The role of strong states •The destruction of Songhay 1591. •Plantation agriculture in the New World: Sugar, sugar, sugar….•Did I mention sugar?Human Toll of the African Slave trade•10 million: across the Sahara & Indian Oceans 700-1900 (<10,000 per year)•11 million: taken to the Americas 1500-1850 (>30,000 per year)•40% to Caribbean•40% to Brazil•10% to North America•10% to Spanish South America •The dead number in the millions.The economic engine: the new Atlantic economyImpactsAfrican •Development of slaving states (e.g., Asante, founded by Osei Tutu)•Leaderless groups•Demographic disaster•Derailing economic activityEuropean/Creole•Local wealth•Investment/industrialization in Europe•A pro-slavery lobbyThe Invention of Racism•Racializing slavery•Post-hoc justifications, e.g., Hegel•“Scientific” racismSlave revolts•Hundreds of revolts•Maroons•Haiti 1791-1804Benin bronzesBenin bronze plaqueOba of BeninBronze LeopardMask owned by DerainGeography of the Slave