2 Revolutions-- Earlier:o Glorious revolution (1688-1691) King James II out- William and Mary in- (constitutional Monarchs)- American Revolutiono 1775-1783 French Revolution (1789-1794)- 2 more revolutions, but not military, not political but economic and Socialo Industrial Revolution o Agricultural Revolutiono Beginning in the Netherlands from the middle Ages on, the Dutch have worked to claim land from the North Sea (40% of Netherlands below sea level) Used- Dams (dykes)- Sluices (water channels)- Land claim needed to be made fertile-o Crop rotationo Heavy manure- Root crops like turnips very usefulo Good for humans (winter food)o Good for livestocko About 1700 the Dutch (+ English and other allies) were at constant war with Louis XIV English ambassador to Netherlands Charles Townshend- wealthy Norfolx land ownero Tries Dutch methods at home Successful and is focus of attention of other landholders- But suppose you don’t have seacoast to add to your land- What then?, you use the land which is already there- In Feudal systemo Manors owned by local lord But some land owned by tradition - Used in common o Grazingo Firewoodo Feeding pigso Gathering turf (peat)o Landowners used parliament to take back common lands and fence them of “Enclosure Acts”- Highland clearances= Scots versiono Besides agriculture there was the matter of wool In the 18th century England was becoming a trading empire based in part on the- wool - cotton - cloth tradeo 1764 James Hargreaves Invents new method for producing more thread- (always the problem was production vs consumption (demand) because it took 3-5 spinsters to keep one weaver working)- Spinning Jenney increases production but can’t be hooked up to new power source - Richard Arknight’s invention can and his basis of increased machine fiber production- Water power o Old as romans but first used in Britain for fibers in 1780’s But water power has limitations- Seasons- Geography But this = source of thinking of a new power - Steam When wood is in short supply from later middle ages on in England people turned to coal- Digging in England goes below water tableo Mines need pumping Horse powered Than new power source Steam You could power pumps with steam, how about
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