Revolutions and Nation-Building in Western EuropeNapoleonic Europe- Europe was a confused tangle of countries- French revolutionary armies conquered:o Lowlands to the north (Belgium and the Netherlands)o Northern Italy- Napoleon added to this parts of western Germany- Europe in war since 1790’sCongress of Vienna- Congress called by those who defeats Franceo Austriao Russiao Prussiao England- Bring Europe back together- Redivde Europe- Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo in 1815Prince Klemens von Metternich- Quadruple alliance continued to treat France leniently- Start to see a pattern that dominates Europe until 19th centuryo Balance of power- Metternicho Austrian foreign ministero 1821-2848o Wished for pre-French revolutionary EuropeRevolutions (only 2 types exists)- One country tries to free itself from control of another- Attempts by those in a country to change the governmentRevolution in Spain (type 2)- 1820 liberals resented the tyrannical behavior of Ferdinand VII- Promised constitutional reforms- Liberal Revolution was crushed by French armyJune Rebellion 1832French Revolution of 1848Luis Philippe replacing Louis NapoleonFrench Republic, 1848- Republic established- Led by a president- President=Louis Napoleono Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparteo Shared power with national assemblyo Republic lasted 4 yearsNapoleon III (r.1852-1870)o 1851- Coup d’étato Seized powero Became hereditary emperoro Calls himself Napoleon IIIo Gradually liberalized the empireEuropean Turmoil in 1848- Three years’ war skirmish in Denmark- Revolutions in German states- Revolution in Italy- Revolution in Hungryo Nearly successful attempt to free Hungry from AustriaGreat Britain- Increasing number of political exiles in London- Time of Struggle- Reform bill of 1832o Industrial areas gain representation in House of Commons- Ten Hours Act of 1847o Limited workday for women and children in factoriesCorn Laws leads to 1846 Potato famine Great potato Famine- Crop failure in 1845, 1846,1848,and 1851- Blight-plant sickness - Attacked young plants- Rotted tubers- Let to:o Famineo Increase priceso Starvation o Emigrationo EpidemicsNationalism and Nation Building between 1820-18711. France2. Italy3. GermanyFranko Mexican war-1861Franco-Prussian War-French Perspective- 1870-1871- Alarmed by Prussia’s power- French lost- Napoleon III abdicated power- France Returned to being a republicMeeting of Carbonari, 1820- Revolt led by secret society called “the Charcoal-Burners”- Revolt failed miserably- 1848o Helped by king of Piedmont and pope Pius IXo Defeated by AustriansSardinia-Piedmont- Victor Emmanuel=king of Sardinia- Count Camillo Benso di Cavour=Prime minister- Sardinia appeared to middle class Italians as suited for national unificationCount Camillo Benso di Cavour- Sought unity for northern and central Italy- Diplomatic secret alliance with Napoleon III- July 1858-groaded Austria into attacking Sardinia- Franco-Sardinian forces and victoriousGaribaldi 1860- Force in politics- Supported secretly by Cavour- Captures Sicily- Captures southern Italy and area around RomeVictor Emmanuel- King of Sardinia- Rome falls in 1871 to united Italy- First King of a United Italy- Neither Radical nor democratic- Great Mustache! (……yes it actually said that…..)Rhine Confederation Map- Huge number of different German speaking countries- Briefly became the “Confederation of Rhine” under one of Napoleon’s brothers- All changes after fall of NapoleonOtto Von Bismarck- Master of Politics- Prussian minister in 1862- Reorganized the army- Reduces Austria- Wars with:o Denmark(1864)o Austria(1866)o France(1870-1871)o Unified Germany“The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and resolutions…but by the blood and iron.” Otto Von