Western Imperialism IOverview- World market- Early exploration- Colonial markets- Interactions with other countriesWorld Market- Trade must be cyclical and constant- Manufacture goods as cheaply as possible to maximize profits- Trade begins on a local scale but competition causes problemsBeginnings of world trade- Trade becomes more and more widespread as competition increases- From 1750-1850 most trade is trans-European- But beginnings of world trade are much earlierPortuguese Exploration- Begun in early 1400’s- First along the African coasts- India- Indonesia(Malacca)- Portuguese fought to control the market- Colonies=controlled marketso Places to pull raw materials from o And push finished goods into- More colonies= wealthier merchants over timeColonial markets- By 1850, Britain is most successful- 1820: Exporting 50% of cottono Half of Europeo Most of the rest to USo 6% to India- 1850:Cotton market is booming for Britain thanks to industrialization but- Europe is only buying 16%- India is taking in 25 %- Europe and Us entered the world market- Used tariffs to control imports- Indian cloth was a major export to Britain (18th century)- But handmade and therefore slower in productionInteractions with china- There had been trade with Chinese for centuries- But always on Chinese terms- Paid in silver for Chinese exportso Silk, tea and porcelain- After Napoleonic wars, Britain found new trade good: opium- Grown in India- Negative impacts on Chinese health- Trade was restricted to an area of Canton - But the British merchants wanted to expand- However, Chinese officials wantedo Forbid opium tradeo Keep foreign influence out of chinaOpium War- 1839-1842- British shut down key Chinese ports- Britain received 4 ports, Hong Kong and a large indemnity1856-1850- Britain and France occupied Beijing- Destroyed the Summer Place- Treaties gave European merchants greater privilegesInteractions with Japan- Japanese had ejected foreigners early in 1600’s- Only one tiny island where Dutch traders were allowed- Anti-foreigner laws were strictly enforced1853: U.S forced Japanese to share their ports- Gunboat diplomacy: imposition of treaties and agreements under threat of military violenceo Commodore Matthew Perry lead this for US- By the end of the 19th century, industrialization is common- Tariffs force British to old colonies, but it’s not enoughFrance- Beginning in the 1830’s conquer new areaso Algeriao Thailand and Vietnamo W coast Africao Madagascar o Pacific islandso 1880’s Germany and Italy copy France’s actionso Mainly in Africao 19th century nation-state must have overseas possessionso Locals had no say in being colonizedo No say in what they would buy or sello Britain is the 19th century model and continued its conquestso Technology aided in colonialism- Steamshipso Support transporting good from and back to colonieso Railroads- used goods to remove from the colonieso Improved military equipment Small European country’s use
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