Western Imperialism I Overview World market Early exploration Colonial markets Interactions with other countries World Market Trade must be cyclical and constant Manufacture goods as cheaply as possible to maximize profits Trade begins on a local scale but competition causes problems Beginnings of world trade Trade becomes more and more widespread as competition increases From 1750 1850 most trade is trans European But beginnings of world trade are much earlier Portuguese Exploration Begun in early 1400 s First along the African coasts India Indonesia Malacca Portuguese fought to control the market Colonies controlled markets o Places to pull raw materials from o And push finished goods into More colonies wealthier merchants over time Colonial markets By 1850 Britain is most successful 1820 Exporting 50 of cotton o Half of Europe o Most of the rest to US o 6 to India 1850 Cotton market is booming for Britain thanks to industrialization but Europe is only buying 16 India is taking in 25 Europe and Us entered the world market Used tariffs to control imports Indian cloth was a major export to Britain 18 th century But handmade and therefore slower in production Interactions with china There had been trade with Chinese for centuries But always on Chinese terms Paid in silver for Chinese exports o Silk tea and porcelain After Napoleonic wars Britain found new trade good opium Grown in India Negative impacts on Chinese health Trade was restricted to an area of Canton But the British merchants wanted to expand However Chinese officials wanted o Forbid opium trade o Keep foreign influence out of china Opium War 1839 1842 British shut down key Chinese ports Britain received 4 ports Hong Kong and a large indemnity 1856 1850 Britain and France occupied Beijing Destroyed the Summer Place Treaties gave European merchants greater privileges Interactions with Japan Japanese had ejected foreigners early in 1600 s Only one tiny island where Dutch traders were allowed Anti foreigner laws were strictly enforced 1853 U S forced Japanese to share their ports Gunboat diplomacy imposition of treaties and agreements under threat of military violence o Commodore Matthew Perry lead this for US By the end of the 19th century industrialization is common Tariffs force British to old colonies but it s not enough France Beginning in the 1830 s conquer new areas o Algeria o Thailand and Vietnam o W coast Africa o Madagascar o Pacific islands o 1880 s Germany and Italy copy France s actions o Mainly in Africa o 19th century nation state must have overseas possessions o Locals had no say in being colonized o No say in what they would buy or sell o Britain is the 19th century model and continued its conquests o Technology aided in colonialism Steamships o Support transporting good from and back to colonies o Railroads used goods to remove from the colonies o Improved military equipment Small European country s use this
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