CS162 Operating Systems and Systems Programming Lecture 9 History of the World Parts 1—5 Operating Systems StructuresGoals for TodayMoore’s Law Change Drives OS ChangeMoore’s law effectsDawn of time ENIAC: (1945—1955)History Phase 1 (1948—1970) Hardware Expensive, Humans CheapCore Memories (1950s & 60s)History Phase 1½ (late 60s/early 70s)A Multics System (Circa 1976)Early Disk HistoryHistory Phase 2 (1970 – 1985) Hardware Cheaper, Humans ExpensiveThe ARPANet (1968-1970’s)Slide 13ARPANet Evolves into InternetAdministriviaWhat is a Communication Network? (End-system Centric View)What is a Communication Network? (Infrastructure Centric View)Network Components (Examples)Types of NetworksSlide 20History Phase 3 (1981— ) Hardware Very Cheap, Humans Very ExpensiveHistory Phase 3 (con’t) Graphical User InterfacesHistory Phase 4 (1989—): Distributed SystemsHistory Phase 4 (1989—): InternetParallel BackbonesNetwork “Cloud”Regional Nets + BackboneBackbones + NAPs + ISPsComputers Inside the CoreHistory Phase 5 (1995—): Mobile SystemsCITRIS’s Model: A Societal Scale Information SystemDatacenter is the ComputerBREAKLoveLetter Virus (May 2000)Moore’s Law Reprise: Modern LaptopMigration of Operating-System Concepts and FeaturesHistory of OS: SummaryNow for a quick tour of OS StructuresOperating Systems Components (What are the pieces of the OS)Operating System Services (What things does the OS do?)System Calls (What is the API)Operating Systems Structure (What is the organizational Principle?)Simple StructureUNIX: Also “Simple” StructureUNIX System StructureLayered StructureLayered Operating SystemMicrokernel StructureModules-based StructureImplementation Issues (How is the OS implemented?)ConclusionCS162Operating Systems andSystems ProgrammingLecture 9History of the World Parts 1—5 Operating Systems StructuresFebruary 25, 2008Prof. Anthony D. Josephhttp://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs162Lec 9.22/25/08 Joseph CS162 ©UCB Spring 2008Goals for Today•History of Operating Systems–Really a history of resource-driven choices•Operating Systems Structures•Operating Systems Organizations•Abstractions and layeringNote: Some slides and/or pictures in the following areadapted from slides ©2005 Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne Note: Some slides and/or pictures in the following areadapted from slides ©2005 Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne. Many slides generated from my lecture notes by Kubiatowicz.Lec 9.32/25/08 Joseph CS162 ©UCB Spring 2008Moore’s Law Change Drives OS ChangeTypical academic computer 1981 vs 20060.2$4,000$25,000 0.1 110s23216110,0001 Gb/s9600 b/s100,0001TB10MB32,7684GB128KB1,2806—40 3200x40.25—0.5103—10 Factor20061981Price#users/machine# addr bitsNet bandwidthDisk capacityDRAM capacityCPU MHz,Cycles/instLec 9.42/25/08 Joseph CS162 ©UCB Spring 2008Moore’s law effects•Nothing like this in any other area of business•Transportation in over 200 years: –2 orders of magnitude from horseback @10mph to Concorde @1000mph–Computers do this every decade (at least until 2002)!•What does this mean for us?–Techniques have to vary over time to adapt to changing tradeoffs•I place a lot more emphasis on principles–The key concepts underlying computer systems–Less emphasis on facts that are likely to change over the next few years…•Let’s examine the way changes in $/MIP has radically changed how OS’s workLec 9.52/25/08 Joseph CS162 ©UCB Spring 2008Dawn of timeENIAC: (1945—1955) •“The machine designed by Drs. Eckert and Mauchly was a monstrosity. When it was finished, the ENIAC filled an entire room, weighed thirty tons, and consumed two hundred kilowatts of power.”•http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/ENIAC.Richey.HTMLLec 9.62/25/08 Joseph CS162 ©UCB Spring 2008History Phase 1 (1948—1970)Hardware Expensive, Humans Cheap•When computers cost millions of $’s, optimize for more efficient use of the hardware!–Lack of interaction between user and computer•User at console: one user at a time•Batch monitor: load program, run, print•Optimize to better use hardware–When user thinking at console, computer idleBAD!–Feed computer batches and make users wait –Autograder for this course is similar•No protection: what if batch program has bug?Lec 9.72/25/08 Joseph CS162 ©UCB Spring 2008Core Memories (1950s & 60s)•Core Memory stored data as magnetization in iron rings–Iron “cores” woven into a 2-dimensional mesh of wires–Origin of the term “Dump Core”–Rumor that IBM consulted Life Saver company•See: http://www.columbia.edu/acis/history/core.htmlThe first magnetic core memory, from the IBM 405 Alphabetical Accounting Machine.Lec 9.82/25/08 Joseph CS162 ©UCB Spring 2008History Phase 1½ (late 60s/early 70s)•Data channels, Interrupts: overlap I/O and compute–DMA – Direct Memory Access for I/O devices–I/O can be completed asynchronously•Multiprogramming: several programs run simultaneously–Small jobs not delayed by large jobs–More overlap between I/O and CPU–Need memory protection between programs and/or OS•Complexity gets out of hand: –Multics: announced in 1963, ran in 1969»1777 people “contributed to Multics” (30-40 core dev)»Turing award lecture from Fernando Corbató (key researcher): “On building systems that will fail”–OS 360: released with 1000 known bugs (APARs)»“Anomalous Program Activity Report”•OS finally becomes an important science:–How to deal with complexity???–UNIX based on Multics, but vastly simplifiedLec 9.92/25/08 Joseph CS162 ©UCB Spring 2008A Multics System (Circa 1976)•The 6180 at MIT IPC, skin doors open, circa 1976:– “We usually ran the machine with doors open so the operators could see the AQ register display, which gave you an idea of the machine load, and for convenient access to the EXECUTE button, which the operator would push to enter BOS if the machine crashed.”•http://www.multicians.org/multics-stories.htmlLec 9.102/25/08 Joseph CS162 ©UCB Spring 20081973:1. 7 Mbit/sq. in140 MBytes1979:7. 7 Mbit/sq. in2,300 MBytesEarly Disk HistoryContrast: Seagate 1TB,164 GB/SQ in, 3½ in disk, 4 plattersLec 9.112/25/08 Joseph CS162 ©UCB Spring 2008History Phase 2 (1970 – 1985)Hardware Cheaper, Humans Expensive•Computers available for tens of thousands of dollars instead of millions•OS Technology maturing/stabilizing•Interactive timesharing:–Use cheap terminals (~$1000) to let multiple users interact with the
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