CS162 Operating Systems and Systems Programming Lecture 9 History of the World Parts 1 5 Operating Systems Structures February 25 2008 Prof Anthony D Joseph http inst eecs berkeley edu cs162 Goals for Today History of Operating Systems Really a history of resource driven choices Operating Systems Structures Operating Systems Organizations Abstractions and layering Note Some slides and or pictures in the following are adapted from slides 2005 Silberschatz Galvin and 2 25 08 Josephgenerated CS162 UCB Spring Lec 9 2 Gagne Many slides Gagne from2008 my lecture notes Moore s Law Change Drives OS Change CPU MHz Cycles inst DRAM capacity Disk capacity Net bandwidth addr bits users machi ne Price 1981 10 3 10 128KB 2006 3200x4 0 25 0 5 4GB Factor 1 280 6 40 32 768 10MB 9600 b s 16 1TB 100 000 1 Gb s 110 000 32 2 10s 1 0 1 25 000 4 000 0 2 Typical academic computer 1981 vs 2006 2 25 08 Joseph CS162 UCB Spring 2008 Lec 9 3 Moore s law effects Nothing like this in any other area of business Transportation in over 200 years 2 orders of magnitude from horseback 10mph to Concorde 1000mph Computers do this every decade at least until 2002 What does this mean for us Techniques have to vary over time to adapt to changing tradeoffs I place a lot more emphasis on principles The key concepts underlying computer systems Less emphasis on facts that are likely to change over the next few years Let s examine the way changes in MIP has radically changed how OS s work 2 25 08 Joseph CS162 UCB Spring 2008 Lec 9 4 Dawn of time ENIAC 1945 1955 The machine designed by Drs Eckert and Mauchly was a monstrosity When it was finished the ENIAC filled an entire room weighed thirty tons and consumed two hundred kilowatts of power http ei cs vt edu history ENIAC Richey HTML 2 25 08 Joseph CS162 UCB Spring 2008 Lec 9 5 History Phase 1 1948 1970 Hardware Expensive Humans Cheap When computers cost millions of s optimize for more efficient use of the hardware Lack of interaction between user and computer User at console one user at a time Batch monitor load program run print Optimize to better use hardware When user thinking at console computer idle BAD Feed computer batches and make users wait Autograder for this course is similar No protection what if batch program has bug 2 25 08 Joseph CS162 UCB Spring 2008 Lec 9 6 Core Memories 1950s 60s The first magnetic core memory from the IBM 405 Alphabetical Accounting Machine Core Memory stored data as magnetization in iron rings Iron cores woven into a 2 dimensional mesh of wires Origin of the term Dump Core Rumor that IBM consulted Life Saver company See http www columbia edu acis history core html 2 25 08 Joseph CS162 UCB Spring 2008 Lec 9 7 History Phase 1 late 60s early 70s Data channels Interrupts overlap I O and compute DMA Direct Memory Access for I O devices I O can be completed asynchronously Multiprogramming several programs run simultaneously Small jobs not delayed by large jobs More overlap between I O and CPU Need memory protection between programs and or OS Complexity gets out of hand Multics announced in 1963 ran in 1969 1777 people contributed to Multics 30 40 core dev Turing award lecture from Fernando Corbat key researcher On building systems that will fail OS 360 released with 1000 known bugs APARs Anomalous Program Activity Report OS finally becomes an important science How to deal with complexity UNIX based on Multics but vastly simplified 2 25 08 Joseph CS162 UCB Spring 2008 Lec 9 8 A Multics System Circa 1976 The 6180 at MIT IPC skin doors open circa 1976 We usually ran the machine with doors open so the operators could see the AQ register display which gave you an idea of the machine load and for convenient access to the EXECUTE button which the operator would push to enter BOS if the machine crashed http www multicians org multics stories html 2 25 08 Joseph CS162 UCB Spring 2008 Lec 9 9 Early Disk History 1973 1 7 Mbit sq in 140 MBytes 2 25 08 1979 7 7 Mbit sq in 2 300 MBytes Contrast Seagate 1TB 164 GB SQ in 3 in disk Joseph CS162 UCB Spring 2008 4 platters Lec 9 10 History Phase 2 1970 1985 Hardware Cheaper Humans Expensive Swapping queueing Response time Computers available for tens of thousands of dollars instead of millions OS Technology maturing stabilizing Interactive timesharing Use cheap terminals 1000 to let multiple users interact with the system at the same time Sacrifice CPU time to get better response time Users do debugging editing and email online Problem Thrashing Performance very non linear response with load Thrashing caused by many factors including Users 2 25 08 Joseph CS162 UCB Spring 2008 Lec 9 11 The ARPANet 1968 1970 s SRI 940 IMPs Utah PDP 10 UCSB IBM 360 UCLA Sigma 7 BN team that implemented he interface message processor Paul Baran RAND Corp early 1960s Communications networks that would survive a major enemy attack ARPANet Research vehicle for Resource Sharing Computer Networks 2 September 1969 UCLA first node on the ARPANet December 1969 4 nodes connected by 56 kbps phone lines 1970 s 100 computers http www cnn com 2004 TECH internet 08 29 internet birthday ap index html 2 25 08 Joseph CS162 UCB Spring 2008 Lec 9 12 2 25 08 Joseph CS162 UCB Spring 2008 Lec 9 13 ARPANet Evolves into Internet First E mail SPAM message 1 May 1978 12 33 EDT 80 83 TCP IP DNS ARPANET and MILNET split 85 86 NSF builds NSFNET as backbone links 6 Supercomputer centers 1 5 Mbps 10 000 computers 87 90 link regional networks NSI NASA ESNet DOE DARTnet TWBNet DARPA 100 000 computers ARPANet SATNet PRNet 1965 TCP IP 1975 NSFNet Deregulation ISP Commercialization ASP AIP WWW 1985 1995 2005 SATNet Satelite network PRNet Radio Network 2 25 08 Joseph CS162 UCB Spring 2008 Lec 9 14 Administrivia Midterm I Wednesday 2 27 10 Evans 6 7 30pm Closed book no notes no calculators PDAs Topics Everything up to 2 20 lectures book readings projects Email cs162 with conflicts academic only No class on day of Midterm I will hold extra office hours for people who have questions about the material or life whatever Monday 2 3 30 Tuesday 12 30 2 Midterm I review session today after class 120 Latimer 6 7 30pm 2 25 08 Joseph CS162 UCB Spring 2008 Lec 9 15 What is a Communication Network End system Centric View Network offers one basic service move information Bird fire messenger truck telegraph telephone Internet Another example transportation service move objects Horse train truck airplane What distinguish different types of networks The services they provide What
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