II. Factors associated with prematurity or preterm birthIV. Swaddling of InfantsPSYC 2700 Lecture 2 Outline of Last LectureI. Centuries of ChildhoodII. Methods of Research in Child DevelopmentIII. Important Early InvestigatorsOutline of Current LectureI. Adverse Prenatal EnvironmentsII. Factors associated with prematurity or preterm birthIII. Genetic Counseling; maternal ageIV. Swaddling of InfantsCurrent LectureI. Adverse Prenatal Environmentsa. Thalidomide: horrific birth defects in 12,000 babies worldwide in 1960’s.i. This drug was administered for headaches and other pains, but had only been tested on men. ii. It turned out that, when pregnant women took it, their children tended to be born with serious birth defects. iii. Babies were missing limbs, having severe mental disabilities, and shortened life-spans.iv. When the drug taken during the embryonic period (3rd- 8th week) it was associated with more severe affects. b. Fetal Alcohol Syndromei. French physician first realized the effects of alcohol in the late 1960’s.ii. Symptoms of the syndrome were heart defects, hearing loss, hyperactivity, intellectual impairment, small skull, and a flattened face.iii. Those of Native American descend have extremely elevated chances of having children with this syndrome. iv. Denmark study claimed that people of Caucasian background could drink a small amount without effect. This is not completely proven. v. Alcohol interferes with cell migration early on in brain development.c. Mercury, Lead (and other neurotoxins)i. It has been discovered that exposure increases likelihood of childhood autism.II. Factors associated with prematurity or preterm birtha. Approximately 1 in 10 children are born preterm. b. Retrolental fibroplasiai. Preterm babies were being raised in atmospheres of oxygen to increase likelihood of living. ii. It was in the mid/late 1950’s that they figured out that the pure oxygen of the environment was having a bad effect.iii. The children would survive, but were subsequently going blind, because the retinal cells at the back of the eye were harmed in high pressure pure oxygen. c. Mental Development and Motor DevelopmentThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. There is only a moderate correlation with birth weight. 1. Only about .3 correlation.ii. Sex differences; males often more impaired them females. 1. Still only a modest correlation of .25-.35.III. Genetic Counseling; maternal agea. Amniocentesis: a process testing the amniotic fluid for various chromosomal atypicalitites. i. Before this test was available women would simply be told not to have children after a certain age.ii. The test does increase risk of miscarriage but only about .5%.iii. People have realized since then that the sperm are also effected as men get older, but their sperm are effected significantly only when they hit 55-60 years of ageb. Chronic villus sampling (CVS): used to determine virtually all the genetic issues except spin bifida. i. More frequently associated with increased risk of miscarriage of 1%.c. Blood test (9 weeks): became available in 2012 and can perform most of the tests during pregnancy without the risks of miscarriage. IV. Swaddling of Infantsa. Swaddling is mainly used today to making the babies warm and secure, but the practice goes back centuries. b. Reasons for swaddling back then:i. Concerns about rickets (back deformation caused by a vitamin D deficiency): swaddling was used to give them support for a straighter back.ii. Concerns about handedness: the ideal was that children be right handed, parents would swaddle all but the right hand to promote its use. 1. Physician, James Baldwin, experimented by swaddling the right arms to the children’s sides, but all the children were still right handed despite their increased practice with their left hand proving it was a built in