I. Belief in Predetermined DevelopmentII. Early Deprivation: Cognitive and Social AspectsIII. Harlow’s StudiesIV. Prenatal Environment StudiesPSYC 2700 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last LectureI. Belief in Predetermined DevelopmentII. Early Deprivation: Cognitive and Social AspectsIII. Harlow’s StudiesIV. Prenatal Environment StudiesOutline of Current LectureI. Harlow’s StudiesII. John BowlbyIII. Mary D. S. AinsworthCurrent LectureI. Harlow’s Studies (continued from last class): interested in study of monkey’s behaviora. Isolate-reared rhesus monkeys: reared his rhesus monkeys in complete isolation to “avoid contamination” from previous learning. i. Found that they were very strange and unusual in their behavior.b. Surrogate mothersi. The monkey’s would not give up the cloths that were put in their cages for cleanliness.ii. Harlow made two surrogate mothers. One was just wire, the other is wire covered in cloth with a heat lamp inside. All the infant monkey’s heavily favored the cloth surrogate.iii. When in an open space the monkey used the cloth surrogate as a base and would occasionally venture off to attack a fear object, then return to its mother. Conclusion- it was not nourishment that made the difference but the warmth and softness. c. Critical or sensitive periods: realizes that the lack of social interaction during this specific period had long-term adverse effects. d. “Autistic-like” behavior (compare with Kanner)i. Later on, this strange unsocial behavior was tied to autism as being a result of isolation or insecure parent-child relationships early on.II. John Bowlby (1951)a. Ethological Approach: has been working with children, but it is suggested to him that he work with and study animals for some time.b. Proximity to mother (or caregiver) and infant: noted that babies cling or remain near to their mothers throughout early childhood. Mother will being infant nearer too if infant wanders away.c. Specificity of tie to caregiveri. Does the security continue to come from the caregiving as time passes or is it found from the playmate? Bonvillian finds that the monkeys overwhelmingly went to their mothers when frightened.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.III. Mary D. S. Ainswortha. University of Toronto: William Blatz and “security”- in order to have healthy development, a child needs to have a secure attachment to one or more of its parents. b. Collaboration with Bowlby: worked with him in London on separation from the mother and effects on development.c. Uganda studies: Followed husband to Uganda, visited different tribes and found the mothers were very successful in interacting and responding to their children’s cues like mothers of other cultures.i. Noting the same pattern of using mother as a base and venturing forward from there.d. Moved to Baltimore: led studies on Middle class mother-child relations in natural settings (the home).e. Contributionsi. Longitudinal investigations- unlike the generalization or factual gathering that was typical.ii. Focus on interaction- studies is the mother respond quickly, reliably, and appropriately to the child’s signals.iii. Maternal sensitivity- is the mother able to recognize and respond to her child. Over time the caregiver should grow more and more attuned to their child’s signals.iv. Strange situation- idea was to have a mother, stranger, and child in a room. Have motherleave and then return and observe child’s behavior as well as how successful mother is at calming the child.v. Attachment types1. “B” babies: securely attached2. Anxiously attached: mother’s response is inconsistent or not reacting. Children were avoidant or unresponsive to their