PSYC 2700 Lecture 15Outline of Last LectureI. IQ II. Chomsky’s ViewsIII. Characteristic of Parental Speech to ChildrenOutline of Current LectureIV. First words and beforeV. Early word production studiesVI. Concept FormationVII. Holophrases (Greenfield’s views)VIII. Early word combinationCurrent LectureAcquisition of Word MeaningI. First words and beforea. Ferguson: phonologically consistent forms.i. Children produce first words before 12 months but only at 12 months did these words become recognizable. b. Halliday: gestures and sounds; protolanguage; systematicity and functionality.i. Followed his son’s language development.ii. Son developed noises and gestures to create his own communication system. iii. The communication was systematic and functional.c. Carter: classification of vocal utterance based on interpretation of gestures.i. Noted that at 9 months her son had a vocabulary that he performed through about 15 different, distinct communicative gestures.ii. New idea developing that children learn gestures paired with vocalization to communicate.d. Liz Bates: Prelinguistic stages; locutionary stage: words with referential values are first true words.i. Did a study of 25 children’s early language development. They video taped the data.ii. Found that children typically had a number of gestures that they communicated with before using commonplace words. iii. Ritual requests: children gesturing for what they wanted.iv. Communicative pointing: at 12 months children want to share interests. II. Early word production studiesa. Diary studies from the 19th and 20th centuriesi. Jeremy Anglin: 1. Said that underextention was more frequent as children call their own dog “doggy” not realizing that all dogs were “doggy”. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. Evidence of concept overextension (Eve V. Clark); semantic featuresi. Overextension based on shape, movement, size, an sound. ii. She gets the impression that children are using words they learn to apply to categories (doggy is all mammals, daddy is all men).iii. Overextension of concept boundaries. III. Concept formation a. Katherine Nelsoni. Functions and sensorimotor actions. Kids learns by manipulating object with their hands.Early Language DevelopmentI. Holophrases (Greenfield’s views)a. Children may be conveying more information than simply identifying an object.b. Greenfield says you can notice when children have a secondary meaning conveyed by look or gesture to the word(s). II. Early word combinationa. Pivot-open model (Braine)i. Recorded early word combination. He noticed that children between 18-22 months combine words. b. Telegraphic speech (Brown) i. Most utterances are nouns and verbs. It is as functional and basic as possible to communicate meaning. c. Criticism of pivot-open “grammar” (Bowerman)i. It does not tell us much bout what children are thinking of when they construct sentences.d. Semantic relations approachi. Lois Bloom: decided to record language of young children and find universal grammar that transcends the world. Found that there were a lot of consistencies in how children used words. 1. Says semantic relations can be found if you write down the context of the words.ii. I. M. Schlesinger1. Argues that children understand cognitively where things are located, who is the agent,