PSYC 2700 Lecture 20Outline of Last LectureI. Operant Speech approach (Lovaas)II. Manual sign studiesIII. PEC (Picture Exchange Communication System)IV. Neurobiology of AutismOutline of Current LectureI. Historical PerspectiveII. Attitude ChangeIII. Concerns about InstitutionalizationIV. Down SyndromeCurrent LectureCommunication and Autism (finishing last lecture)I. PECS (Picture Exchange Communication System)a. Pictures on the card prompt and exchange for the object.b. Relatively easy for children to pick up and does not require much motor ability or speech.c. Does not encourage vocalization as much.Intellectual DisabilityI. Historical Perspectivea. Demon possessed; objects of contempt and fear; in-educable.i. Martin Luther and others believed that these children should be hidden away or killed.b. Early approach: Itard, Segion, Scoti. Established a school for the deaf in Paris. Bring a “child of the wilderness” to the school.ii. Scot argues that many of the children could acquire a number of signs, specifically ones that resembled the concept. c. First institution (1839) established in Berne, Switzerland by Guggenbuhl.i. Parents reporting that children continue to add to their vocabulary rather than the plateau found in the institution. ii. Randomly selected some children who were wards of the state to move into more house-like settings. d. First US institution by Wilbur in his home in 1848.e. Perkins Institution in 1855II. Attitude Changea. Feeble-minded needed to be isolated & controlled; very negative views.b. Begin to see that they can be helped and should be included in society.III. Concerns about Institutionalizationa. Lyle & Tizzard study looks into the negative affect of the institute.IV. Down SyndromeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.V. Causes: chromosomal, childhood autistic disorder, fetal alcohol syndrome.a. Characteristicsi. 1 in 700-1000 births are down syndrome.ii. Small oral cavity- appear to have a protruding tongue. iii. Many down syndrome children have some form of hearing impairment, often due to middle ear inflammation. b. Languagei. Most fail to atain levels of typical 3-year olds, though they are developing a vocabulary at a slower rate.ii. Most difficulties come with phonological and syntactical development which leading to difficulty being understood.iii. Limited auditory immediate memory.c. Intervention programsi. Early stimulation or intervention is helpful.ii. Benefits of signing: found that children could express themselves beter in speech if theywere signing at the same time.1. Launonen: studies two groups, both receiving early intervention. Found that children who received signing in addition to their intervention were more likely than other to use spoken language later in life. VI. Brief History (J.C.P. Williams, 1961)Williams SyndromeI. Characteristicsa. “Elfin Faces”b. Mild to moderate intellectual impairment.c. Often very friendly and talkative. d. Slight delay in early language milestones.II. There is a dissociation between language and spatial cognition. III. Languagea. Substantial expressive languageb. Lang, complex uterancesc. Unusual vocabularyd. Imaginativee. Spontaneous languagef. These characteristic are not typical of someone with an IQ lower than 50.IV. Brain Mechanismsa. Many children have a larger than normal cerebellum, giving them a fluidity of language and musical