PSYC 2700 Lecture 25Outline of Last LectureI. Early ApproachedII. Moral behavior and knowledgeIII. Contribution of Jean Piaget: moral judgment and reasoningIV. Contributions of Kohlberg (1927-1987)Outline of Current LectureI. Early efforts at data collectionII. Child characteristicsIII. Key parental dimensionsIV. Baumrind’s research on parenting stylesV. Parenting modelingVI. Corporeal punishmentI. IQ and birth orderII. Attachment and birth orderIII. Male homosexuality and birth orderIV. Room-mate compatibility and birth orderV. Favorite children and birth orderCurrent LectureChildhood SocializationI. Early efforts at data collectiona. Retrospection- asking for specific behaviors, direct observation.II. Child characteristicsa. Chess and R. Bell- looked at children effect on adults. Looked at temperament, ADHD, disabilities, etc.III. Key parental dimensionsa. Warmth- is it a supporting, engaging family condition or is it filled with hostility and rejection.b. Control- how much autonomy is the child given by the parent(s).IV. Baumrind’s research on parenting stylesa. Performed a longitudinal study on parenting styles and child outcome. b. Authoritative: high warm + moderate control. These children had the most positive, sociable outcomes. Parents control option, but still present choices as though the child is a valuable decision maker. These children were highest achieving and outgoing. c. Authoritarian: high control + colder. Parents are directing their child’s actions in a manner without kindness or explanation for reasoning. d. Permissive parenting result in children who have little guidance or control in their lives even though their parents might be warm.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.e. Rejecting-neglecting: undemanding + unsupportive. Not supporting or providing guidance. Considered to be neglecting and was correlated with poor outcomes. V. Parenting modelinga. How children’s parents treat them will effect how they treat their children in the future.b. Punishment depends on the type of household- in a warm, supportive environment a punishment might be being removed from the parents. c. Explaining why certain things are right or wrong but also punishing them to stop behavior. VI. Corporeal punishmenta. Elizabeth Gerchoff: argues that spanking results in negative and long-term effect on children. If parents on do this occasionally, in a warm atmosphere then it does not have a discernable negative effect. VII. Child abuse and neglecta. At first therapists thought that the child was simply imagining these circumstances, but in the 60’s a gradually realization occurred that this was a real phenomenon and issue that was occurring.b. Physical, sexual, and emotional abuse all leave long-term effect. To some degree emotional/verbal abuse is more detrimental than any of the others at it attacks all attachment, self-image, and world view. c. Child neglect is actually much more frequent than child abuse. Neglect is often the result of a single parent with depressive issues and job troubles. d. Pre-term infants or children who cry more are more likely to be abused. VIII. Munchausen Syndrome by Proxya. Parents bring children to hospital to be healed and appear to be doting parents when they really are the ones hurting the child severely. Family Constellation: Birth-Order EffectsI. IQ and birth ordera. First born children tend to do a little better on IQ test.b. The first few children get more language input and care from the parents leading to slightly better development. c. Only start getting a pronounced effect after more than five children.II. Attachment and birth ordera. Again first born and last born will be slightly more attached because they will have more quality alone time with the parent(s).III. Male homosexuality and birth ordera. Slight effect of this child being deeper/later in the birth-order.IV. Room-mate compatibility and birth ordera. Middle children have to accommodate with the older sibling, while oldest and youngest tend not to do so as much. b. First-borns with each other are much more likely to request a switch than middle children. A college made sure not to match up first born students and cut the number of requests for switching rooms in more than half. V. Favorite children and birth ordera. 65% of mothers and 70% of fathers show a preference for a particular child in their families.b. Favored child is most likely youngest or the oldest; first- and last-born children have a better shot at being at least one parent’s