PSYC 2700 Lecture 7 Outline of Last LectureI. Reaching and Understanding of DistanceII. Learning “Rules of Visual TrackingIII. Reaching and visual TrackingIV. Integration of Visual ElementsV. Visual ScanningVI. “Language” in UteroVII. Infant Speech PerceptionVIII. Sensory Deprivation & Neural DegenerationIX. Emergence of Hand PreferenceOutline of Current LectureI. Rapid brain growthII. Impact of malnutritionIII. Myron Winick studyIV. Rutter: orphanagesI. Incidence in “normal” populationII. Emergence of preferenceIII. J. M. BaldwinIV. G. MalloryV. Infants and Deaf parentsVI. ChimpanzeesCurrent LectureNutrition and the BrainI. Rapid brain growth (0-2)a. Brain at birth is 25-40% of its adult weightb. At 4 years its about 90% of its adult weightII. Impact of malnutritiona. Earlier view: Malnutrition directly causes intellectual disability and delayed cognitive development.b. More recent view: Indirect effects..i. Fewer interneuron connections between nerve cells.ii. Children require fat for myelin sheath for healthy development of brain- need fully adequate nutrition.iii. Malnourished children were also most likely not receiving little stimulation in their environment (touch, sounds, sights). iv. The two symptoms can work separately or together to contribute. Ideally need both adequate stimulation and complete nutrition.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.III. Myron Winick study: Malnutrition and Environmental Enrichment.a. Could the adverse effects of orphanages be counteracted by new, improved environments. b. Split into three groups: severely malnourished, moderately malnourished, only slightly malnourished.c. Measured the development quotient (child IQ), children didn’t perform very well (average 70 when the mean adult IQ is 100). They did gradually improve though to all be over 100- group #1: 102, group #2: 106, group #3: 112.IV. Rutter: Romanian orphanages, malnutrition, and age at adoption.a. Caregivers were not allowed to bond with children. Many children had flat heads because they lay on their backs so much.b. There were 5 nuns and 100 infants. Attendants were often “graduates” of the orphanage. c. Rutter found that after 2 years the effects of malnutrition and lack of stimulation will have permanent effects. d. Language input children were receiving was French from the nuns and limited Arabic from the attendants. e. Children adopted prior to 6 months: positive outcome, children were developing right along with children in the UK. f. Children adopted between 6-24 months: IQ was a score of 86, Z score almost -1. g. Children adopted after 24 months: Doing even worse than the other children. Emergence of Hand PreferenceI. Incidence of “normal population”- 90% right handed, 3% ambidextrous, 7% left handedII. Broca- notices that many patients wit damage to the left hemisphere have issues controlling their right hand. Broca’s Law- there is a contralateral relationship between your body and your brain. III. Chipping of stone age tools- stone age people and people today have been the same percentage right-handed and left-handed for hundreds of years. IV. J. M. Baldwin- swaddled children to determine if it effected hand preference. It seemed as though hand preference of inborn.V. G. Mallery’s observations of signing hand preference in Native Americans.VI. Infants an signing with deaf parents: Can see hand preference before language even