Plane of the Ecliptic Earth Sun Relations Earth Sun Relations p The Atmosphere Plane of the Ecliptic Sun incidence Sun Angle Equator Sun Angle Mid Latitude Sun Angle High Latitude Sun Angle with Latitude 1 Sun incidence Earth Sun relations Special days Equinox and Solstice Solar latitudes Highest Sun Lowest Sun Solstice Sun s vertical rays are located at the Tropic 23 latitude June 21 22 21 22 22 December 21 Equinox Sun s vertical rays located at the Equator 0o latitude March 21 22 September 21 22 Midnight Sun Daylight at Solar latitudes Atmospheric heating Heat is always transferred from warmer to cooler objects Mechanisms of heat transfer Conduction Convection Radiation electromagnetic radiation 2 Mechanisms of heat transfer Figure 16 16 Average distribution of incoming solar radiation The electromagnetic spectrum The heating of the atmosphere Figure 16 17 Proportional volume of gases that compose dry air Figure 16 21 Composition of the atmosphere Air is a mixture of gases Major components of clean dry air Figure 16 19 Variable components of air Water vapor Aerosols Ozone Nitrogen N 78 O Oxygen O2 21 Argon and other gases Carbon dioxide CO2 0 036 absorbs heat energy from Earth Figure 16 3 Dust and aerosols Atmospheric pressure variation with altitude Figure 16 5 3 Thermal structure of the atmosphere Atmospheric layers based on temperature Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Figure 16 7 4
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