Earth Day Celebration at.pdfEarth Day Celebration at the Oregon Garden Saturday, April 211Water Cycle, GroundwaterEarth Science Chapter 5Pages 116-117, 133-140Review Questions 1, 17-22Hydrologic Cyclehttp://www.mnforsustain.org/water_climate_global_water_cycle_study.htmDistribution/Cycle Animation Water Cycle• 86% of evaporation from sea surface• 14% of atmospheric moisture from EVAPOTRANSPIRATION• 78% of precipitation on sea surface• 22% of water precipitated falls on land http://meted.com/mesoprim/mpradfog/print.htmWater CycleWater Cycle• Less that 3% of Earth’s water is on land• Over ¾ of that is in glacial ice• Most of the rest is stored as groundwater– (some groundwater is saline)2Water DistributionGroundwater• Precipitation infiltrates Earth’s surface• Largest reservoir of liquid fresh water• Drinking water source for half of U.S.Groundwater• Contributes to stream flow• ‘Universal solvent’• Dissolves some rock types– Limestone (CaCO3)– Salts (NaCl, KCl)–Gypsum (CaSO4)Groundwater Source• First becomes ‘soil moisture’– Plants use it– Some evaporates directly– Some sinks down• Infiltration• ‘Groundwater’ is storedGroundwater Terms• Zone of saturation• Water table• Zone of aerationGroundwater terms diagram3Groundwater Storage • Porosity of rock– Spaces between sand grains– Cracks in crystalline rock– Dissolved cavities• Permeability– Allows water to move– Interconnection of pore spaces• Stored in AQUIFER– Porous and permeable rock• Trapped by AQUITARD– Impermeable rock– Clay, shaleGroundwater StorageGroundwater Movement• Very slowly—– Small openings– High surface tension• Pressure forces water to areas of lower pressure– Hydraulic gradient– Hydraulic headGroundwater movement diagramHydraulic head Springs• Where water table intersects ground surface4Photo of cliff springs Springs• Where water table intersects ground surface• Hydraulic pressure brings to surface• Aquitard conducts groundwaterSprings diagram Hot Springs• Water heated by hot rock (cooling magma)• Temperature increases solvent capabilities• May contain acids from magmatic waterGeysers• Special type of hot spring• Pressure of water column suppresses boiling• Heat added eventually overcomes pressure• Sudden rise of water, increase pressure release on risingOld Faithful photo5Geyser EruptionGeyser eruption stagesWells Wells after drawdown6Artesian wells Ogallala supported agricultureOgallala Aquifer• Exploited in Great Plains agriculture• Water table dropped• Recharge rate lowSan Joaquin Valley subsidenceNot able torecover dueto aquifercompactionGroundwater purification Groundwater purification7Agriculture sources of groundwater contaminationLandfill leachate contaminationDrinking Water Standards Parts per million• 1 g water is 1 mL• 1000 mL = 1 L• 1 L = 1000 g• 1000 mg = 1 g• mg/L is parts per milliongmggmLmLLLmg1000151110001115=⋅⋅ppmmgggmg15000,000,11510001100015==⋅Primary sewage treatmentSecondary sewage treatment8Sewage treatmentCarlsbad Caverns9Arecibo, Puerto Rico: Radio Telescope in SinkholeKarst drainage of manmade lake in MissouriKarst towering butteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YangshuoThailand Karst Towershttp://www.siue.edu/GEOGRAPHY/ONLINE/Gillespie.htmThompson Research Vessel10Polar views of EarthDistribution of Land and WaterDiagram of land/water by latitudeWorld map showing land/water distributionProgress in research vessels HMS Challenger11Kilo MoanaSonar process—single beamSonar process—multibeam and sidescanSea-floor landforms—CaliforniaSeismic data and interpretationSatellite Altimeter12Atlantic oceanic ridge Passive continental Margin—cross sectionPacific and Indian Ocean FloorH:\ES106\PowerPoint\AN12_001.movAtlantic Ocean FloorPlankton Marine Sediment distribution13Collection of sea-floor sediment coresOffshore oil platformMethane Hydrate sampleMethane Hydrate burningSalt production Manganese NodulesEarth Day Celebration at the Oregon GardenSaturday, April 21• 10 am - 4 pmCost: FreeFree admission to The Oregon Garden and to all Earth Day exhibits, lectures, and performances.Location: all areas of The Oregon Garden, Cascade Hwy, Silverton ORContact: Renee Stoops, SPROutCoordinator, 503-584-7252 • This year’s theme is “Sustainable Agriculture ”, highlighting the roles of composting, recycling, renewable energy, energy conservation, sustainable plants, and soil and water resources in the farm, garden, or backyard landscape. For an expanded Discussion of the Theme, please see the
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