Earth Structure MatterEarth Structure, Matter, Atoms, Chemistry,yclick for 9/page to printScalesScalesThree Eras of Lifehttp://www.oceansatlas.org/unatlas/about/howoceanswereformed2/origin.htmlThree Eras of LifePaleozoic– 540 to 248 million years ago–Old life: trilobites horn coralsOld life: trilobites, horn coralsMesozoic248 t 65 illi–248 to 65 million years ago– Middle life: dinosaurshtt // b /id/6817636/Cenozoic–65 million years ago to nowhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6817636/yg– New life: age of mammalshttp://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/438426aEarth from SpaceEarth from SpaceEarth StructureEarth StructureLithospheric PlatesLithospheric PlatesConvectionConvectionPlate BoundariesPlate BoundariesCrust diagramCrust diagram•asthenosphere•asthenosphereLithosphere diagramLithosphere diagramLithosphere typesLithosphere typesContinentOcean DivisionContinent-Ocean Division•asthenosphereasthenosphereContinentOcean DivisionContinent-Ocean Division• 71% of surface covered with ocean•40% of surface is‘continental’crust40% of surface is continental crust• Not all of the continental surface is dryOceanic provincesOceanic provinces• Nearshore, shallow CONTINENTAL SHELF• Transition from continental crust to oceanic crustcrust– Continental slope–Continental rise: wedge of sediment deposited at base of continental slope• Deep ocean ABYSSAL PLAINS•OCEANIC RIDGES: at divergence of plates•OCEANIC RIDGES: at divergence of plates. Most prominent topographic feature on Earth• OCEANIC TRENCHES: at convergencePassive continental marginPassive continental marginEarth CyclesEarth CyclesCrustal Surface FeaturesCrustal Surface FeaturesNorth American Continental FeaturesMt St Helens BlastMt. St Helens BlastMt St Helenshttp://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/volcanocams/msh/Mt. St. HelensGibbous EarthGibbous EarthElectron cloudElectron cloudAtom componentsAtom components•New Cle Us– Too many people in important positions say it incorrectly—do not show i b d i th !!your ignorance by doing the same!!– Contains nucleons:• protons (positive): total is atomic number of the element• neutrons (neutral)– The mass of the atom—mass number: nucleons•Electron cloudElectron cloud– Arranged in energy levelsEl t h ti h–Electrons have negative chargePeriodic TablePeriodic TableAtomtoNucleusNucleusElements of the CrustElements of the CrustOO47%•OxygenO47%-• Silicon Si 28%-• Aluminum Al 8%+•IronFe5%•IronFe5%• Calcium Ca 4%-• Sodium Na 3%-•PotassiumK3%-PotassiumK3%• Magnesium Mg 2%+Chemical SymbolsChemical Symbols• First letter is capitalized•Second letter (if present) isnotcapitalizedSecond letter (if present) is notcapitalized• SN is a compound of sulfur and nitrogen• Sn is the element TinIonic Bonds with Dot DiagramIonic Bonds with Dot Diagram•Ions are not electrically neutralIons are not electrically neutral• Ions are not like the atoms they are di dfderived fromSodium Chloride structureSodium Chloride structureCovalent BondsCovalent Bonds•• Electrons are shared, Electrons are shared, ––not donated as ions have donenot donated as ions have done• Unlike nonmetals form polar covalent nonmetals form polar covalent moleculesmoleculesmoleculesmolecules• Polar molecules have charged character gWater MoleculeWater Molecule• Two Hydrogen•One OxygenOne Oxygen• Share electrons—covalent bondsOxygen and Hydrogen AtomsOxygen and Hydrogen AtomsWater Molecule with covalent bondsPolar Water MoleculePolar Water
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