Heat and Energy TransferWater DropImpurities in RunoffOrganic byproducts in waterPollution SourcesContamination of WaterRaw Sewage dischargePlant nutrient pollutionAgricultural RunoffOil pollutionMine leachateWater PollutionWater Pollution PreventionDrinking water standardsTemperatureTemperatureTemperatureHeatSpecific Heat CapacityHeat ExpansionWater ExpansionWater MoleculeWater ExpansionWater Expansion1Heat and Energy TransferSupplementary Textbook MaterialChapter 18: p. 410-420Review Questions: 2-4, 21-26Water Drophttp://www.wested.org/pblnet/exp_projects/H2O.htmlImpurities in Runoff• Atmosphere• Dissolved substances• Silt, etc.• RadonOrganic byproducts in waterPollution Sources Contamination of Water• Micro-organisms• Decay products• Plant nutrients• Petroleum compounds• Acid• Industry• Mining2Raw Sewage dischargehttp://www.nwri.ca/sande/nov_dec_2002-e.htmlPlant nutrient pollutionhttp://www.na.fs.fed.us/SPFO/pubs/n_resource/riparianforests/Tab%20I.htmAgricultural Runoffhttp://www.na.fs.fed.us/SPFO/pubs/n_resource/riparianforests/Tab%20I.htmOil pollutionhttp://www.intertanko.com/tankerfacts/sizes/pollution.htmMine leachatehttp://www.ew.govt.nz/enviroinfo/hscs/contam/Water Pollutionhttp://www.jvkco.com/digidare/water.html3Water Pollution Preventionhttp://www.jvkco.com/digidare/water.htmlDrinking water standardsTemperature• Quantity of hotness• Celsius¾0ofreezing point of pure water at standard pressure¾100oboiling point at standard pressure• Fahrenheit¾0owas lowest attained¾32 was his age when he performed experiments¾212 is boiling point in those increments Temperature• Convert with equations¾ Order of operations Parentheses first Then multiply or divide Add or subtract last• Or use adjacent scales such as in the appendix of Earth Science textbook (p. 683)32)-(F95C =32 C59F +=Temperature• Kelvin same size as degree Celsius• ‘Absolute Zero’ is 0 K¾(notice no degree symbol on K)•0oC = 273 K• Equation for Prelab exercise 2 has errorK – 273 = Co(change + to - )Heat• Calorie– Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mL pure water 1oC– Food ‘Calories’ are kilocalories• Joule ~ ¼ of calorie– 1 cal. = 4.184 J4Specific Heat Capacity• Quantity of heat needed to change the temperature of given amount of a substance 1oC• Water—very high specific heat capacity– Maritime areas more mild temperature than continental areasHeat Expansion• Random motion causes substance to be bigger• Liquids usually have greater heat expansion than solids• Thermostats use different expansion of different type of metalsWater Expansion• Unusual response to cooling• Contracts until reaching 4oC• Expands slightly upon further cooling to 0oC• Expands 9% upon freezingWater Molecule• Bent • PolarWater Expansion• Molecule shape fit together closer in liquid• Open structured crystal due to hydrogen bonding of polar molecules upon freezingWater
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