GdtGroundwater, Water PollutionWater Pollutionclick here for 9/page to printGroundwater terms diagramGroundwater terms diagramGroundwater StorageGroundwater Storage • Porosity of rock–Spaces between sand grainspg– Cracks in crystalline rockDissolved cavities–Dissolved cavities• Permeability– Allows water to move–Interconnection of pore spacesInterconnection of pore spacesGroundwater StorageGroundwater Storage• Stored in AQUIFER–Porous and permeable rockp• Trapped by AQUITARDIblk–Impermeable rock– Clay, shaleGroundwater MovementGroundwater Movement• Very slowly—–Small openingspg– High surface tensionPf tt fl•Pressure forces water to areas of lower pressure– Hydraulic gradient–Hydraulic headHydraulic headGroundwater movement diagramGroundwater movement diagramCarlsbad CavernsArecibo, Puerto Rico: Radio Telescope in SinkholeKarst drainage of manmade lake in MissouriKarst towering buttesKarst towering butteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YangshuoThailand Karst TowersThailand Karst Towershttp://www.siue.edu/GEOGRAPHY/ONLINE/Gillespie.htmWells after drawdownWells after drawdownArtesian wellsArtesian wellsOgallala supported agricultureOgallala supported agricultureOgallala Aquifer• Exploited in Great Plains agricultureg• Water table droppeddropped• Recharge rate lowSan JoaquinSan Joaquin Valley subsidenceyNot able toNot able torecover dueto aquifercompactioncompactionHot SpringsHot Springs• Water heated by hot rock (cooling magma)•Temperature increases solvent capabilitiesTemperature increases solvent capabilities• May contain acids from magmatic waterGeysersGeysers• Special type of hot spring•Pressure of water column suppressesPressure of water column suppresses boilingHtddd tll•Heat added eventually overcomes pressure• Sudden rise of water, increase pressure release on risingrelease on risingOld Faithful photoOld Faithfulwebcam linkOld Faithful photohttp://www.nps.gov/archive/yell/oldfaithfulcam.htmGeyser EruptionGeyse upt oGeyser eruption stagesstagesWater DropWater Drophttp://www.wested.org/pblnet/exp_projects/H2O.htmlImpurities in RunoffImpurities in Runoff• Atmosphere•Dissolved substancesDissolved substances• Silt, etc.• RadonNatural substances in waterNatural substances in waterDrinking water standardsDrinking water standardsParts per MillionParts per Millionmg 1• ppm•Change mg 1 000 000mg 1g1,000,000 mg to litersmg 1,000,000L 1mL 1 000L 1g 1mL 1mg 1 000g 1mg 1,000,000 =×××mL 1,000g 1mg 1,000mg 1L 1mg 1ppm 1 =L 1Pollution SourcesPollution SourcesContaminated GroundwaterContaminated GroundwaterGroundwater purificationGroundwater purificationOrganic byproducts in waterOrganic byproducts in waterSewage treatmentSewage treatmentPrimary sewage treatmentSecondary sewage treatmentSecondary sewage treatmentLandfill leachate contaminationLandfill leachate contaminationAgriculture sources of groundwater contaminationContamination of WaterContamination of WaterMii•Micro-organisms•Decay productsyp• Plant nutrients• Petroleum compounds•AcidAcid• Industry• MiningRaw Sewage dischargeRaw Sewage dischargehttp://www.nwri.ca/sande/nov_dec_2002-e.htmlPlant nutrient pollutionPlant nutrient pollutionhttp://www.na.fs.fed.us/SPFO/pubs/n_resource/riparianforests/Tab%20I.htmAgricultural RunoffAgricultural Runoffhttp://www.na.fs.fed.us/SPFO/pubs/n_resource/riparianforests/Tab%20I.htmOil pollutionOil pollutionhttp://www.intertanko.com/tankerfacts/sizes/pollution.htmMine leachateMine leachatehttp://www.ew.govt.nz/enviroinfo/hscs/contam/Water PollutionWater Pollutionhttp://www.jvkco.com/digidare/water.htmlWater Pollution PreventionWater Pollution
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