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WOU ES 106 - Water Chemistry

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Water ChemistryBe sure to attend lab THIS weekRange of scalesElectron cloudNucleusAtomPeriodic TableElements of the CrustChemical SymbolsDot DiagramDot diagram of some elementsSingle element ionsElement groupsChemical Formula of Ionic CompoundsNaming compoundsIonic Bonds with Dot DiagramSodium Chloride structurePeriodic TableCovalent BondsMolecules formed by covalent bondsPolar moleculesElectro-negativity of selected elementsWater MoleculeProperties of WaterLiquid water moleculesCrystal structure of iceHigh Surface TensionDissolution of ionic substanceWater phases and moleculesThree phases at Earth’s surfaceBe sure to attend lab this weekWater ChemistryBe sure to attend lab THIS week• Bring the lab manual• Must pass lab to pass this class• Instructors will give percent lab grade to one anotherRange of scales• Atoms are the particles of matter• All things composed of atoms• Smallest particle that retains the properties of the elementElectron cloudNucleus•New•Cle•Us• Too many people in important positions say it incorrectly—do not show your ignorance by doing the same!!AtomPeriodic TableElements of the Crust• Oxygen O 47%-• Silicon Si 28%-• Aluminum Al 8%+•Iron Fe 5%• Calcium Ca 4%-• Sodium Na 3%-• Potassium K 3%-• Magnesium Mg 2%+Chemical Symbols• First letter is capitalized• Second letter (if present) is notcapitalized• SN is a compound of sulfur and nitrogen• Sn is the element TinDot Diagram• Symbol for element• Show valence electrons only• Start with one per side• Up to two per sideDot diagram of some elements• Does not matter which side you start on• One per side until there are four, then add second one per side to a total of eightSingle element ions• How do you know if it makes a negative or positive ion? • Look at the dot diagram to see if it will lose electrons or gain them• Memorize positions in periodic table: +1 far left, +2, second on left, -1 second from right, -2 third from rightElement groups• The columns of the periodic table• Far right: noble gases—nonreactive• Far left: alkali metals—extremely reactive•2ndon right: halogens—extremely reactive•2ndon left: alkaline earth metals—very reactive•3rdon right: chalcogens (oxygen family)—very reactiveChemical Formula of Ionic Compounds• Find charges from periodic table• Use subscripts to indicate how many of each• Combine so the charges cancel to neutral– Positive plus negative is zero– “crossover charges for subscripts”Naming compounds• Cations—element name• Anions—element name changed to end with ‘ide’Ionic Bonds with Dot Diagram• Ions are not electrically neutral• Ions are not like the atoms they are derived fromSodium Chloride structurePeriodic TableCovalent Bonds• Overlapping outer shells to make 8 electrons for each atom—some are shared• Silicate minerals have silicon and oxygen joined with covalent bonds • Water is hydrogen and oxygen joined with covalent bondsMolecules formed by covalent bonds• Like nonmetals form nonpolar covalent bonds••Unlike nonmetals form polar covalent Unlike nonmetals form polar covalent moleculesmolecules• Polar molecules have charge concentrated at one end• Metals form metallic bonds, not covalent bondsPolar moleculesElectro-negativity of selected elements• Degree of polarity can be determined by difference of electronegativity of each element• Further apart on periodic table—greater polarityWater Molecule• Bent molecule• Covalent bonds• Polar• Dissolves ionic substancesProperties of Water• Solid water floats on liquid water• High surface tension• ‘Universal’ solvent• High specific heat• High heat of vaporizationLiquid water molecules• In liquid phase, the water molecules fit closely together• Polar nature allows them to attract one anotherhttp://www.chemlin.net/news/2007/mar2007/water.htmCrystal structure of ice• In solid phase of water, arrangement becomes more open, less dense • Ice floats because of this• Expansion of 9% upon freezinghttp://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/primer/primer.htmHigh Surface Tensionhttp://www.webelements.com/nexus/node/786http://quest.nasa.gov/space/teachers/microgravity/6surf.htmlDissolution of ionic substanceWater phases and moleculesThree phases at Earth’s surface• Liquid• Solid• VaporEnergy captured or released upon change from one phase to anotherBe sure to attend lab this week• Bring the lab manual• Must pass lab to pass this class• Instructors will give percent lab grade to one


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WOU ES 106 - Water Chemistry

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