Earth Structure, Matter, Atoms, ChemistrySolar system formed from nebular cloudScalesThree Eras of LifePaleozoic– 540 to 248 million years ago– Old life: trilobites, horn coralsMesozoic– 248 to 65 million years ago– Middle life: dinosaursCenozoic– 65 million years ago to now– New life: age of mammalshttp://www.oceansatlas.org/unatlas/about/howoceanswereformed2/origin.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/438426ahttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6817636Earth from SpaceEarth StructureLithospheric PlatesConvectionPlate BoundariesCrust diagramLithosphere diagramLithosphere typesContinent-Ocean DivisionContinent-Ocean Division• 71% of surface covered with ocean• 40% of surface is ‘continental’ crust• Not all of the continental surface is dryCrustal Surface FeaturesNorth American Continental FeaturesEarth CyclesMt. St Helens BlastMt. St. Helenshttp://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/volcanocams/msh/Gibbous EarthElectron cloudAtom components•New Cle Us– Too many people in important positions say it incorrectly—do not show your ignorance by doing the same!!– Contains protons (positive) and neutrons (neutral)– The mass of the atom• Electron cloud– Arranged in energy levels– Electrons have negative chargePeriodic TableAtomNucleusElements of the Crust• Oxygen O 47%-• Silicon Si 28%-•Aluminum Al 8%+•Iron Fe 5%• Calcium Ca 4%-•Sodium Na 3%-• Potassium K 3%-• Magnesium Mg 2%+Chemical Symbols• First letter is capitalized• Second letter (if present) is notcapitalized• SN is a compound of sulfur and nitrogen• Sn is the element TinElement groups• Far right: noble gasesnonreactive•2ndon right: halogensextremely reactive•3rdon right: oxygen group—very reactive•2ndon left: alkaline earth metals—very reactive• Far left: alkali metalsextremely reactiveDot diagram of some elements• Valence Electrons for groups on periodic tableIonic Bonds with Dot Diagram• Ions are not electrically neutral• Ions are not like the atoms they are derived fromSodium Chloride structureCovalent Bonds••Electrons are shared, Electrons are shared, ––not donated as ions have donenot donated as ions have done• Unlikenonmetals form polar covalent nonmetals form polar covalent moleculesmolecules• Polar molecules have charged characterWater Molecule• Two Hydrogen•One Oxygen• Share electrons—covalent bondsOxygen and Hydrogen AtomsWater Molecule with covalent bondsPolar Water
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