Earth-Sun RelationsThe AtmospherepPlane of the EclipticPlane of the EclipticEarth-Sun RelationsPlane of the EclipticPlane of the EclipticSun incidenceSun incidenceSun AngleEquatorSun Angle--EquatorSun AngleMidLatitudeSun Angle—Mid-LatitudeSun AngleHigh LatitudeSun Angle—High LatitudeSun Angle with LatitudeSun Angle with LatitudeSun incidenceSun incidenceEquinox and SolsticeEquinox and SolsticeSolar latitudesSolar latitudesEarth-Sun relations Special days SltiS' til•Solstice—Sun's vertical rays are located at the Tropic (23½º latitude) • June 21-22 •December 21-22December 2122• Equinox—Sun’s vertical rays located at th E t (0oltitd)the Equator (0olatitude)• March 21-22• September 21-22Highest SunHighest SunLowest SunLowest SunMidnight SunMidnight SunDaylight at Solar latitudesDaylight at Solar latitudesAtmospheric heating Heat is always transferred from warmer to cooler objects Mechanisms of heat transferMechanisms of heat transfer • Conduction• Convection • Radiation (electromagnetic radiation)Mechanisms of heat transferMechanisms of heat transferFigure 16.16The electromagnetic spectrumFi 16 17Figure 16.17The heating of the gatmosphereFigure 16.21Average distribution of incoming solar radiationFigure 16.19Proportional volume of gases that compose dry airFigure 16.3Composition of the atmosphereCo pos t o o t e at osp e eAir is a mixture of gasesMajor components of clean, dry airMajor components of clean, dry air • Nitrogen (N) – 78%O(O)21%•Oxygen (O2) –21%• Argon and other gases • Carbon dioxide (CO2) – 0.036% – absorbs heat energy from Earth gyVariable components of airWater vapor•Water vapor • Aerosols• OzoneDust and aerosolsDust and aerosolsAtmosphericAtmospheric pressurepressure variation with altitudeFigure 16.5Thermal structure of the atmosphereFigure 16.7Atmospheric layers based on temperature•Troposphere•Stratosphere•
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