OceanographyThompson Research VesselPolar views of EarthDistribution of Land and WaterDiagram of land/water by latitudeWorld map showing land/water distributionProgress in research vesselsHMS ChallengerKilo MoanaSonar process—single beamSonar process—multibeam and sidescanSea-floor landforms—CaliforniaSeismic data and interpretationSatellite AltimeterAtlantic oceanic ridgePacific and Indian Ocean FloorAtlantic Ocean FloorCollection of sea-floor sediment coresSea floor sedimentPlanktonMarine Sediment distributionOffshore oil platformMethane Hydrate sampleMethane Hydrate burningSalt productionManganese NodulesAtlantic oceanic ridgePassive Continental MarginPassive continental Margin—locationPassive continental Margin—cross sectionDeep sea sediment fansTurbidity currentDiscovery of Turbidity CurrentsSea-floor landforms—CaliforniaActive Continental MarginsActive continental Margin—locationActive continental Margin—cross sectionDeep-Ocean TrenchesAtlantic Ocean FloorPacific and Indian Ocean FloorKaikoKaiko systemsKaiko on sea bedChallenger Deep shrimpConvergent Lithospheric PlatesAtoll formationAtollOceanic PlateausPacific Lithosphere ActionOceanic Ridge--AtlanticOceanic Ridge—IndianOceanic Ridge—PacificOceanic plate divergenceRift valleys on oceanic ridgesFormation of Black SmokerAlvin1OceanographyThompson Research VesselPolar views of EarthDistribution of Land and WaterDiagram of land/water by latitudeWorld map showing land/water distribution2Progress in research vessels HMS ChallengerKilo MoanaSonar process—single beamSonar process—multibeam and sidescanSea-floor landforms—California3Seismic data and interpretationSatellite AltimeterAtlantic oceanic ridge Pacific and Indian Ocean FloorH:\ES106\PowerPoint\AN12_001.movAtlantic Ocean FloorCollection of sea-floor sediment cores4Sea floor sediment• Derived from land: ‘terra’– Terrigenous– Composed of sand, silt and clay• Derived from organisms: ‘biota’– Biogenous– Composed of shells and skeletons of marine animals and plants• Direct precipitation from sea water: ‘hydro’– Hydrogenous– Salts, calcium carbonate, metal oxides, metal sulfides (near sea-floor hot springs)PlanktonMarine Sediment distribution Offshore oil platformMethane Hydrate sampleMethane Hydrate burning5Salt production Manganese NodulesAtlantic oceanic ridge Passive Continental Margin• Continental shelf• Continental slope• Continental risePassive continental Margin—locationPassive continental Margin—cross section6Deep sea sediment fans Turbidity currentDiscovery of Turbidity Currents Sea-floor landforms—CaliforniaActive Continental Margins• Narrow continental shelf• Deep sea trench catches terrigenous sediment• ‘Accretionary Wedge’Active continental Margin—location7Active continental Margin—cross sectionDeep-Ocean Trenches• Active continental margins• Other convergent plate locations• Most are in the Pacific OceanAtlantic Ocean FloorPacific and Indian Ocean FloorKaiko•ROV• 10,911 m 1995• Lost in 2003• 7000 m-capable replacement in 2004Kaiko systemshttp://www.jamstec.go.jp/e/about/equipment/ships/kaiko7000.html8Kaiko on sea bedhttp://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/kaiko.htmlChallenger Deep shrimphttp://www.mext.go.jp/english/news/1998/07/980705.htmConvergent Lithospheric Plates• Oceanic plate is subducted• Deep-ocean trench is formed• Volcanism above subducted plateAtoll formationAtoll Oceanic Plateaus• Figure 10-19—Oceanic Plateaus9Pacific Lithosphere Actionhttp://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/CHD/classroom@sea/carlsberg/science/oceanic_constr.htmlOceanic Ridge--AtlanticOceanic Ridge—Indian Oceanic Ridge—PacificOceanic plate divergencehttp://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/CHD/classroom@sea/carlsberg/science/constructive_margins.htmlRift valleys on oceanic ridges10Formation of Black Smokerhttp://www.paedquest.de/Riff_Tiefsee_Mangroven_neu/tiefsee/content/geobsm01.htmlAlvin• Manned• 4000 m maximum
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