Earth Structure, Matter, Atoms, ChemistryBe sure to attend lab next weekSolar system formed from nebular cloud ScalesThree Eras of LifeEarth from SpaceSpheres interactionAtmosphereCompositionProperties of Earth’s interiorLithospheric PlatesConvectionCrust diagramLithosphere diagramLithosphere typesPlate BoundariesCrustal Surface FeaturesContinent-Ocean DivisionContinent-Ocean DivisionNorth American Continental FeaturesEarth CyclesMt. St. HelensGibbous EarthElectron cloudNucleusNucleusAtomPeriodic TableElements of the CrustChemical SymbolsElement groupsDot DiagramDot diagram of some elementsIon dot diagramIonic Bonds with Dot DiagramSodium Chloride structureSingle element ionsNaming compoundsChemical Formula of Ionic CompoundsPeriodic TableBe sure to attend lab NEXT week1Earth Structure, Matter, Atoms, ChemistryBe sure to attend lab next week• Bring the lab manual• Must pass lab to pass this class• Instructors will give percent lab grade to one anotherSolar system formed from nebular cloud Scales Three Eras of LifePaleozoic– 540 to 280 million years ago– Old life: trilobites, horn coralsMesozoic– 280 to 65 million years ago– Middle life: dinosaursCenozoic– 65 million years ago to now– New life: age of mammalshttp://www.oceansatlas.org/unatlas/about/howoceanswereformed2/origin.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/438426ahttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6817636Earth from SpaceSpheres interaction Atmosphere Composition•Crust• Mantle•Core2Properties of Earth’s interiorLithosphereAsthenosphereLower mantleOuter coreInner coreLithospheric Plates ConvectionCrust diagram Lithosphere diagram Lithosphere typesPlate Boundaries Crustal Surface Features Continent-Ocean Division3Continent-Ocean Division• 71% of surface covered with ocean• 40% of surface is ‘continental’ crust• Not all of the continental surface is dryNorth American Continental FeaturesEarth CyclesMt. St. Helenshttp://www.fs.fed.us/gpnf/volcanocams/msh/Gibbous Earth Electron cloudNucleus•New•Cle•Us• Too many people in important positions say it incorrectly—do not show your ignorance by doing the same!!NucleusAtom4Periodic Table Elements of the Crust• Oxygen O 47%-• Silicon Si 28%-•Aluminum Al 8%+•Iron Fe 5%• Calcium Ca 4%-• Sodium Na 3%-• Potassium K 3%-• Magnesium Mg 2%+Chemical Symbols• First letter is capitalized• Second letter (if present) is notcapitalized• SN is a compound of sulfur and nitrogen• Sn is the element TinElement groups• The columns of the periodic table• Far right: noble gases—nonreactive• Far left: alkali metals—extremely reactive•2ndon right: halogens—extremely reactive•2ndon left: alkaline earth metals—very reactive•3rdon right: chalcogens (oxygen family)—very reactiveDot Diagram• Symbol for element• Show valence electrons only• Start with one per side• Up to two per sideDot diagram of some elements• Does not matter which side you start on• One per side until there are four, then add second one per side to a total of eightIon dot diagram• Dots for electrons—fewer than 4 can be lost• More than four find electrons to fill the shellIonic Bonds with Dot Diagram• Ions are not electrically neutral• Ions are not like the atoms they are derived fromSodium Chloride structure5Single element ions• How do you know if it makes a negative or positive ion? • Look at the dot diagram to see if it will lose electrons or gain them• Memorize positions in periodic table: +1 far left, +2, second on left, -1 second from right, -2 third from rightNaming compounds• Cations—element name• Anions—element name changed to end with ‘ide’Chemical Formula of Ionic Compounds• Find charges from periodic table• Use subscripts to indicate how many of each• Combine so the charges cancel to neutral– Positive plus negative is zero– “crossover charges for subscripts”Periodic TableBe sure to attend lab NEXT week• Bring the lab manual• Must pass lab to pass this class• Instructors will give percent lab grade to one
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