Water Cycle, GroundwaterHydrologic CycleWater CycleWater CycleWater CycleWater DistributionGroundwaterGroundwaterGroundwater SourceGroundwater TermsGroundwater terms diagramGroundwater Storage Groundwater StorageGroundwater MovementGroundwater movement diagramHydraulic headSpringsPhoto of cliff springsSpringsSprings diagramHot SpringsGeysersOld Faithful photoGeyser eruption stagesWater Cycle, GroundwaterEarth Science Chapter 5Pages 116-117, 133-140Review Questions 1, 17-22Hydrologic Cyclehttp://www.mnforsustain.org/water_climate_global_water_cycle_study.htmWater Cycle• 86% of evaporation from sea surface• 14% of atmospheric moisture from EVAPOTRANSPIRATION• 78% of precipitation on sea surface• 22% of water precipitated falls on landWater CycleWater Cycle• Less that 3% of Earth’s water is on land• Over ¾ of that is in glacial ice• Most of the rest is stored as groundwater– (some groundwater is saline)Water DistributionGroundwater• Precipitation infiltrates Earth’s surface• Largest reservoir of liquid fresh water• Drinking water source for half of U.S.Groundwater• Contributes to stream flow• ‘Universal solvent’• Dissolves some rock types– Limestone (CaCO3)– Salts (NaCl, KCl)– Gypsum (CaSO4)Groundwater Source• First becomes ‘soil moisture’– Plants use it– Some evaporates directly– Some sinks down• Infiltration• ‘Groundwater’ is storedGroundwater Terms• Zone of saturation• Water table• Zone of aerationGroundwater terms diagramGroundwater Storage • Porosity of rock– Spaces between sand grains– Cracks in crystalline rock– Dissolved cavities• Permeability– Allows water to move– Interconnection of pore spaces• Stored in AQUIFER– Porous and permeable rock• Trapped by AQUITARD– Impermeable rock– Clay, shaleGroundwater StorageGroundwater Movement• Very slowly—– Small openings– High surface tension• Pressure forces water to areas of lower pressure– Hydraulic gradient– Hydraulic headGroundwater movement diagramHydraulic headSprings• Where water table intersects ground surfacePhoto of cliff springsSprings• Where water table intersects ground surface• Hydraulic pressure brings to surface• Aquitard conducts groundwaterSprings diagramHot Springs• Water heated by hot rock (cooling magma)• Temperature increases solvent capabilities• May contain acids from magmatic waterGeysers• Special type of hot spring• Pressure of water column suppresses boiling• Heat added eventually overcomes pressure• Sudden rise of water, increase pressure release on risingOld Faithful photoGeyser eruption
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