Hydrologic Cycle Distribution Cycle Animation Water Cycle Groundwater Water Pollution http www mnforsustain org water climate global water cycle study htm Water Cycle Water Cycle 86 of evaporation from sea surface 14 of atmospheric moisture from EVAPOTRANSPIRATION Water Cycle Less that 3 of Earth s water is on land Over of that is in glacial ice Most of the rest is stored as groundwater some groundwater is saline 78 of precipitation on sea surface 22 of water precipitated falls on land http meted com mesoprim mpradfog print htm Groundwater Surface water Water Distribution Groundwater Water sources in Oregon Precipitation infiltrates Earth s surface Largest reservoir of liquid fresh water Drinking water source for half of U S http www deq state or us wq dwp dwp htm 1 Groundwater Contributes to stream flow Universal solvent Dissolves some rock types Limestone CaCO3 Salts NaCl KCl Gypsum CaSO4 Groundwater terms diagram Groundwater Source First becomes soil moisture Plants use it Some evaporates directly Some sinks down Groundwater Terms Zone of saturation Water table Zone of aeration Infiltration Groundwater is stored Groundwater Storage Porosity of rock Spaces between sand grains Cracks in crystalline rock Dissolved cavities Permeability Groundwater Storage Stored in AQUIFER Porous and permeable rock Trapped by AQUITARD Impermeable rock Clay shale Allows water to move Interconnection of pore spaces Groundwater Movement Very slowly Groundwater movement diagram Springs Where water table intersects ground surface Small openings High surface tension Pressure forces water to areas of lower pressure Hydraulic gradient Hydraulic head 2 Photo of cliff springs Arecibo Puerto Rico Radio Telescope in Sinkhole Carlsbad Caverns Karst drainage of manmade lake in Missouri Karst towering buttes http en wikipedia org wiki Yangshuo 3 Thailand Karst Towers Hot Springs Water heated by hot rock cooling magma Temperature increases solvent capabilities May contain acids from magmatic water Geysers Special type of hot spring Pressure of water column suppresses boiling Heat added eventually overcomes pressure Sudden rise of water increase pressure release on rising http www siue edu GEOGRAPHY ONLINE Gillespie htm Old Faithful photo Old Faithful webcam link Geyser Eruption http www nps gov archive yell oldfaithfulcam htm Wells Wells after drawdown Geyser eruption stages Artesian wells 4 Ogallala supported agriculture Ogallala Aquifer Exploited in Great Plains agriculture Water table dropped Recharge rate low Water Drop San Joaquin Valley subsidence Not able to recover due to aquifer compaction Contaminated Groundwater Groundwater purification Landfill leachate contamination Drinking Water Standards http www wested org pblnet exp projects H2O html Agriculture sources of groundwater contamination 5 Parts per Million ppm Change 1 000 000 mg to liters 1 000 000 mg Primary sewage treatment Sewage treatment 1 mg 1 000 000 mg 1g 1 mL 1L 1L 1 000 mg 1g 1 000 mL 1 ppm 1 mg 1L Secondary sewage treatment Natural substances in water Impurities in Runoff Organic byproducts in water Contamination of Water Atmosphere Dissolved substances Silt etc Radon Drinking water standards Micro organisms Decay products Plant nutrients Petroleum compounds Acid Industry Mining 6 Pollution Sources Raw Sewage discharge http www nwri ca sande nov dec 2002 e html Agricultural Runoff Oil pollution Plant nutrient pollution http www na fs fed us SPFO pubs n resource riparianforests Tab 20I htm Mine leachate http www intertanko com tankerfacts sizes pollution htm http www na fs fed us SPFO pubs n resource riparianforests Tab 20I htm Water Pollution http www jvkco com digidare water html http www ew govt nz enviroinfo hscs contam Water Pollution Prevention Drinking water standards http www jvkco com digidare water html 7
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