Psy 110 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lecture 12 (October 13)What is the difference between accommodation and assimilation?Assimilation is the process for incorporating new objects, events, experiences, and information into existing schemes. Accommodation is modifying existing schemes and creating new ones to incorporate new experiences and information.What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?1. Sensorimotor Stage: From birth to 2 years, use senses to gain understanding of the world, and begin to develop object permanence but don’t yet have it.2. Preoperational Stage: From 2 to 7 years, acquire symbolic function, exhibit egocentrism, believe that characteristics of an object change when the object changes form3. Concrete Operational Stage: From 7 to 11 or 12 years, acquire conservation, begin to understand reversibility, may still have trouble with logical reasoning4. Formal Operational Stage: From 11 or 12 years and beyond, understanding of abstract concepts and time periods (past, present, future), acquire hypothetico-deductive thinking, logical thinking, adolescent egocentrismWhat are the 3 levels of Kohlberg’s moral development theory?1. Preconventional Level: Moral reasoning is determined by the physical consequence of behavior; an act is good or bad depending on physical consequence2. Conventional Level: Child internalizes standards of others and judges right and wrong based off of those standards3. Postconventional Level: Moral conduct is under internal control; highest level and mark of “true morality”What are Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development?1. Trust v. Mistrust: Birth to 1 year; infants learn to trust or mistrust depending on degree and regularity of care, love, and affection provided by parent(s)2. Autonomy v. Shame and doubt: 1 to 3 years; learn to express their will and independence, to exercise some control, and to make choices (if not  shame and doubt)3. Initiative v. Guilt: 3 to 6 years; begin to initiate activities, plan and undertake tasks, and enjoy developing motor skills and other abilities (if made to feel stupid  guilt)4. Industry v. Inferiority: 6 years to puberty; develop industriousness and feel pride in accomplishing tasks, making things, and doing things (if not  inferiority)5. Identity v. Role Confusion: Adolescence; must make transition from childhood to adulthood, establish an identity, develop a sense of self, consider a future occupational identity (if not  role confusion)6. Intimacy v. Isolation: Young adulthood; must develop intimacy (if not  isolation)7. Generativity v. Stagnation: Middle adulthood; must find a way of contributing to the development of the next generation (if not  self absorbed and stagnation)8. Ego Integrity v. Despair: Late adulthood; individuals review their lives and if they are satisfied and feel a sense of accomplishment, they experience ego integrity (if not  despair)What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?1. Zygote2. Embryo3. FetusWhat is a teratogen? When is it generally the most harmful?Harmful agents in the prenatal environment that have a negative impact on prenatal development and can cause birth defects. It is generally most harmful during embryo period.What is a critical period?A prenatal period when certain body structures develop.What is Temperament? What are the 3 types?An individual’s behavioral style or a characteristic way of responding to the environment. The 3 types are:1. Easy: Pleasant mood, adaptable, approach new situations positively2. Difficult: Intense emotional reactions, reacts negatively to new situations3. Slow to Warm Up: Tend to withdraw, are slow to adapt, somewhat negative in moodWhat is attachment?Strong, affectionate bond a child forms with the mother or primary caregiver.What was Harlow & Harlow’s monkey study?Baby monkeys were given artificial mothers made from wire and mesh; one mother was covered with terry cloth and had a head resembling a monkey, the other was just wire, cold, hard, etc. The babies preferred contact comfort rather than nourishment.Lecture 13 (October 15):What is separation anxiety v. stranger anxiety?Separation anxiety is the fear and distress shown when a parent leaves whereas stranger anxiety is the fear of strangers.What are the 4 kinds of attachments?1. Secure Attachment: Distressed by separation from caregivers, greet caregivers when they return (65% of infants)2. Avoidant Attachment: Not responsive to mother or troubled when she leaves (20% of infants)3. Resistant Attachment: After separation, may display anger towards mother; not easily comforted (10-15% of infants)4. Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment: Exhibit contradictory and disoriented behavior when reunited (5-10% of infants)What are the 4 parenting styles?1. Authoritarian Parents: Arbitrary rules, expect unquestioning obedience to authority2. Authoritative Parents: Set high but realistic standards, encourage limits, open communication, and independence3. Permissive Parents: Few rules or demands, children make their own decisions and control their own behavior4. Rejecting-Neglecting Parents: Parents are uninvolved, uninterested in relationships, emotionally detached, and inconsistent/have no boundariesWhat are the 4 phases of language development?1. Cooing2. Babbling3. One-word stage4. Telegraphic speechWhat is the difference between overextension and underextension?Overextension is misnaming objects (similar to assimilation) whereas underextension is only applying terms to one specific thing.What is the biological theory?Prenatal and sex hormones influence developmentWhat is the social learning theory?Environment is more important than biological forces in developmentWhat is the cognitive development theory?Development in stagesWhat is the gender-schema theory?Desire to maintain self-esteem directs child toward culturally defined gender rolesWhat is the difference between crystalized intelligence and fluid intelligence?Crystalized intelligence is verbal ability and accumulated knowledge, which increases over life span. Fluid intelligence is abstract reasoning and mental flexibility, which peaks in the early 20’s and declines slowly as people age.What are the 5 stages of coming to terms with death?1. Denial2. Anger3. Bargaining4. Depression5. AcceptanceLecture 14 (October 20)What is motivation and its components?Motivation is processes that initiate, direct, and sustain behavior.- Initiate: get behavior started- Direct: