PSY 110 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I. Psychoanalytic TheoriesII. Humanistic TheoriesIII. Trait TheoriesOutline of Current Lecture I. Trait Theories (Con’t)II. Personality and CultureIII. Social Cognitive TheoriesIV. Personality AssessmentCurrent Lecture Trait Theories (Con’t)Five-Factor Model: Attempts to explain personality using 5 broad dimensions- This model has become most closely associated with the research of Robert McCrae and Paul Costa- Each factor is composed of a constellation of personality traits (OCEAN)o Opennesso Conscientiousnesso Extraversiono Agreeablenesso NeuroticismOpenness: Open to new experiences, curious, and broadminded versus having narrow interests and preferring the familiar- Deep thinker- Active imaginationEX) curious about many different thingsConscientiousness: Reliable, orderly, and industrious versus undependable and lazy- Efficient- Makes plans and follows through with themEX) perseveres until the task is finishedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Extraversion: Outgoing, prefer to be around other people versus shy, prefer to be alone- Full of energy- EnthusiasticEX) talkativeAgreeableness: Easygoing and friendly versus unfriendly and cold- Trusting of others- Considerate and kind to almost everyoneEX) forgiving in natureNeuroticism: Pessimistic and irritable versus optimistic, take things in stride- Worries a lot- Gets nervous easilyEX) can be tense Personality and Culture**Culture influences personality- may not be captured in the 5-factor model**Cultures differ in individualism/collectivismIndividualistic Cultures: Emphasis is placed on independence and individual achievementCollectivist Cultures: Emphasis on social connectedness and define the self in terms of group membership**Psychologists warn against overemphasizing cultural differences in personality- the goal for all individuals should be to enhance self-esteem- a sense of personal control over one’s life predicts well-being in all culturesSocial-Cognitive TheoriesSocial Cognitive Theory: Personality is defined as a collection of learned behaviors acquired through social interactionsSituation-Trait Debate: Stresses the importance of factors within the situation and person in accounting for behavior- Views trait as conditional probability a particular action will occur in response to a particular situation- Situations can modify personality traits- Evidence suggests that traits are stable over time and across situationsEX) lack of social support can increase neuroticismEX) wouldn’t steal from a store, but may keep $5 you see someone dropBandura’s Reciprocal Determinism Model: Internal, environmental, and behavioral variables interact to influence personality- Self-Efficacy: A person’s perception of his or her ability to perform competently whatever is attempted- High Self-Efficacy: Persist in efforts, belief in success- Low Self-Efficacy: Expect failure, avoid challengesLocus of Control: The cognitive factor that explains how people account for what happens in their lives- Internal Locus of Control: See selves as primarily in control of their behavior and its consequences- External Locus of Control: Perceive events as in the hands of fate, luck, or chancePersonality AssessmentObservation: Used in hospitals, clinics, schools, and workplacesBehavioral Assessment: Psychologists count and record the frequency of particular behaviors- Often used in behavior modification programs in treatment- Time-consuming; behavior may be misinterpreted; person being observed may behave differently in the presence of observerInterviews: Used to help in diagnosis and treatmentStructured Interview: The content of the questions and the manner in which they are asked are carefullyplanned ahead of time- Comparisons can be made between different subjectsRating Scales: Provide standardized format and focus on relevant traitsInventory: Paper and pencil test with questions about a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors- Scored according to a standard procedure- Used to measure several dimensions of personality- Limited by self-reportMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): Used to screen for and diagnose psychiatric problems and disorders- Now revised as MMPI-2- The most extensively researched and widely used personality test- Consists of 10 clinical scales and 3 validity scales- Psychologist-evaluated clinical scales in light of validity scalesValidity Scales: Discerns those who are attempting to look healthier than they are and those attempting to appear disturbedCalifornia Personality Inventory (CPI): Developed to assess personality in normal individuals- Does not include any questions designed to reveal psychiatric illness- Useful in predicting school achievement, leadership, and executive successMyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): Measures normal individual differences on 4 personality dimensions- Based on Jung’s theory of personality- Popular in business and educational settingsProjective Tests: Consists of inkblots, drawings of ambiguous human situations, or incomplete sentences- No correct or incorrect responses- Inner thoughts, feelings, fears, or conflicts are projected onto the test materials- Include Rorschach Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception TestRorschach Inkblot Test: Test taker is asked to describe 10 inkblots; responses can be used to diagnose disorders- Critics argue that results are too dependent on the judgment of the examiner- Exner developed the Comprehensive System for scoringo Provides normative data for comparison of responsesThematic Apperception Test (TAT): Consists of 1 blank card and 19 cards showing vague or ambiguous black-and-white drawings of human figures- Developed by Henry Murray- Test taker describes the drawings- Descriptions are thought to reveal inner feelings, conflicts, and motives- Critics argue that:o Test relies too heavily on the interpretation of the examinero Responses may reflect temporary states and may not indicated more permanent aspectsof