PSY 110 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 5Lecture 1 (August 20)What is the definition of Psychology?The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.What determines whether something is a science or not? What is the Scientific Method?It must use the Scientific Method:- Observe and theorize- Formulate a hypothesis- Design a study- Collect data- Apply results to the hypothesisWhat are the 4 goals of psychology? Which goal has to do with hypotheses? Which has to do with real-world applications?1.Description2.Explanation3.Prediction4.InfluenceThe goal of prediction has to do with hypotheses. The goal of influence has to do with real-world applications.What are the two types of research?Basic Research: Seeking new knowledge and exploring/advancing general scientific understanding.Applied Research: Conducted specifically for the purpose of solving practical problems and improving quality of life.Who is the Father of Psychology? What is the first school of psychology that was founded by him? Who is his most famous student?The father of psychology is Wilhelm Wundt. He founded Structuralism. His most famous student was Edward Titchener.What is functionalism? What did it do for the study of psychology?Focuses on how mental processes function and how people/animals use mental processes to adapt to their environments. It broadened the scope of psychology to study behavior as well as mental processes, and it allowed for the study of children, animals, and the mentally impaired.What is behaviorism? Who founded it?Behaviorism is the study of behavior because it is observable and measurable, and therefore objective and scientific. John Watson founded it.What is Operant Conditioning?The idea that behaviors that are reinforced are more likely to occur again.What is psychoanalysis? Who founded it?Psychoanalysis compares human mental life to an iceberg- the small, visible tip is the conscious mind, and the large, underwater portion is the subconscious mind. Freud founded it.What is humanistic psychology?Focuses on the uniqueness off human beings and their capacity for growth, choice, and psychological healthWhat is positive psychology? Who founded it?The scientific study of psychological characteristics (such as optimism) that enable individuals and communities to thrive in the face of adversity. Martin Seligman founded it.What is cognitive psychology?It sees humans as active participants that seek out experiences, alter and shape experiences, and use mental processes to transform information in the course of their own cognitive development.What is Gestalt psychology? What does gestalt loosely translate to?The idea that individuals perceive objects or patterns as whole units and the perceived whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Gestalt loosely translates to whole, form, or pattern in German.What is the information processing theory?The brain processes info in sequential steps, similar to how computers do serial processing (the human brain is compared to that of a computer).What is evolutionary psychology? Who does this school of psychology heavily rely on?It focuses on how human behaviors required for survival have adapted when faced with environmental pressures through evolution. This theory relies heavily on Charles Darwin.What is biological psychology? What is another name for it?A school of psychology where one looks for links between specific behaviors and particular biological factors that often help explain individual differences.What is neuroscience?It combines the work of psychologists, biologists, biochemists, medical researchers, and others that study structures and functions of the nervous system.What is the sociocultural approach?It emphasizes social and cultural influences on human behavior and stresses the importance of understanding those influences when interpreting the behavior of others.What is Naturalistic Observation? What is one advantage and one disadvantage of this?A descriptive research method where researchers observe and record behavior in its natural setting without attempting to influence or control it.Advantage: Gives the opportunity to observe natural behavior rather than laboratory behaviorDisadvantage: There is no control over the situation so one must wait for the events to occur naturally.What is Laboratory Observation? What is one advantage and one disadvantage of this?Observation that takes place in a lab.Advantage: Researchers can exert more control over the situationDisadvantage: Lab behavior may not accurately reflect real-world reactions (may get false data)What is a Case Study? What is one advantage and one disadvantage of this?A single individual or small number of people are studied in great depth, usually over extended periods of time.Advantage: Provides info and advancements in many uncommon psychological disordersDisadvantage: Researchers cannot establish cause of behavior observed in case studies.What is the Experimental Method? What is one advantage and one disadvantage of this?The only research method that can be used to identify cause-effect relationships.Advantage: Enables researchers to use strict control over the settingDisadvantage: Confounding variables, selection bias, placebo effect, and experimenter biasLecture 2 (August 25) What is an electroencephalograph (EEG)?It uses electrodes placed on the scalp to amplify and record electrical activity in the brain.What is a CT Scan?A series of cross-sectional images that reveal brain structures and any abnormalities.What is an MRI?Uses a magnet to record clearer, more detailed images of structures without exposing people topotentially dangerous x-rays and can be used to find abnormalities in the central nervous system as well as other systems.What is a PET Scan?It maps the patterns of blood flow, oxygen use, and glucose consumption. Used to study normalbrain activity and identify malfunctions that cause physical and psychological disorders.What is an fMRI?It uses magnetic impulses to create images of structures and brain activity. Very rare.What are neurons?Specialized cells that conduct impulses through the nervous system.What are neurotransmitters?Chemicals that facilitate or inhibit the transmission of impulses from one neuron to the next.What are the parts of a neuron and what do each of them do?Cell Body: Contains the nucleus of the cell and carries out the life-sustaining (metabolic) functions of the neuron.Dendrites: Primary receivers of